June 25, 2023
S6 E6: Excuse Me, But You Have Something On Your Nose: The Story of White Nose Syndrome
Hello and welcome to Cause of Death – 100 Seconds to Midnight. I’m your host, Jackie Moranty. In the last episode, I briefly mentioned White Nose Syndrome. It’s a terrible disease that has killed off about 90% of some species of bats in North America....
Hello and welcome to Cause of Death – 100 Seconds to Midnight. I’m your host, Jackie Moranty. In the last episode, I briefly mentioned White Nose Syndrome. It’s a terrible disease that has killed off about 90% of some species of bats in North America. If you haven’t listened to the last episode, I suggest that you go back and give that one a listen before we start this one. It gives a pretty good overview of the importance of bats to several ecosystems and to people. If you have listened to that episode, then you already know how invaluable this order is. Without them, we wouldn’t have several species of plants, nor would we have many vaccines, we may not have echolocation technology. Bats have given us so much. Now, we need to think about what we can do for them. Let’s begin with the etiology and pathology of White Nose Syndrome. White Nose Syndrome is caused by a pathogenic fungus called Pseudogymnoascus destructans that was formerly known as Geomyces destructans. After close study, the fungus was reclassified because it more closely resembles other fungi from the Pseudeurotiaceae family. P. destructans is a psychrophilic, or cold-loving, fungus that forms asymmetrically curved conidia. You can reach me on the website at www.causeofdeath100secs.net or you can email me at Jackie@causeofdeath100secs.net. My Link Tree can be found at: https://linktr.ee/CauseofDeathpod You can support Cause of Death here: Subscribe on Apple Subscriptions Patreon: https://www.Patreon.com/JackieMoranty Ko-Fi: https://www.ko-fi.com/causeofdeathluckycharmsunplugg Merch can be found at: https://www.teepublic.com/user/causeofdeathluckycharmsunplugged White Nose Syndrome Show Notes: https://journals.plos.org/plospathogens/article?id=10.1371/journal.ppat.1009236 “Bats in the Anthropocene: Conservation of Bats in a Changing World. Edited by Christian C. Voigt and Tigga Kingston. Cham (Switzerland): Springer Open. $59.99. Ix + 606 P.; Ill.; Index. ISBN: 978-3-319-25218-6 (Hc); 978-3-319-25220-9 (Eb). 2016.” The Quarterly Review of Biology, vol. 93, no. 2, June 2018, pp. 148–148, https://doi.org/10.1086/698057. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35635339/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5810475/ https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudogymnoascus_destructans https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7804951/#:~:text=Pseudogymnoascus%20destructans%20(Pd)%20causes%20white,pathogen%20persistence%2C%20transmission%20and%20viability. https://journals.plos.org/plosone/article?id=10.1371/journal.pone.0121329
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During March of twenty twenty, I
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massacre, as well as some lesser
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the Australian gay beat murders, and
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believe was wrongfully convicted, taboo cases
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women who pretend to be men to
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sp if I, Spreaker, or
if you find your favorite podcasts. Hello,
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and welcome to Cause of Death one
hundred seconds to midnight. I'm your
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00:05:19.199 --> 00:05:27.160
host, Jackie Morante. I'm hoping
that all of you have enjoyed the Who's
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Who Outside of the Zoo season as
much as I have. I've really gotten
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some great feedback, especially on the
last episode about bats, disease and the
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environment, and I really appreciate that
In the last episode I briefly mentioned white
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nose syndrome. It's a terrible disease
that is killed off about ninety percent of
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some species of bats in North America. If you haven't listened to the last
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00:05:55.319 --> 00:05:59.240
episode, I suggest that you go
back and give that one to listen before
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00:05:59.279 --> 00:06:03.639
you start this one. It gives
a pretty good overview of the importance of
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00:06:03.720 --> 00:06:12.079
bats to several ecosystems and to people. If you have listened to that episode,
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00:06:12.160 --> 00:06:15.959
then you already know how invaluable this
order is. Without them, we
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00:06:16.000 --> 00:06:21.319
wouldn't have several species of plants,
nor would we have many vaccines. We
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00:06:21.480 --> 00:06:30.279
may not even have echolocation technology.
Bats have given us so much, and
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now we need to think about what
we can do for them. Let's begin
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with the eediology and pathology of white
nose syndrome. White nose syndrome is caused
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by a pathogenic fungus called Pseudomya genascus
destructtions that was formerly known as Geomiases destructis.
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After close study, the fungus was
reclass suffied because it more closely resembles
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00:07:01.639 --> 00:07:09.759
other fungi from the pseudo Eurotiatia family. P. Destructions is a psychrophilic or
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cold loving fungus that forms asymmetrically curved
canidia. It was likely introduced to North
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America by human trade or travel from
Eurasia to North America. This fungus grows
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well at temperatures between four degrees celsius
and twenty degrees celsius, but will not
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grow at temperatures above twenty degrees celsius. This is the perfect temperature range for
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caves and other areas where bats hibernate
during the winter months. The fungus produces
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brown and gray colonies, secretes a
brownish pigment, and reproduces asexually via characteristically
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curved canidia. These canidia are produced
at the tips or sides, singly or
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in short chains. This is an
opportunistic pathogen that grows on bats as they
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hibernate, but it has also been
found to grow in cave environments as a
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separate troph It can grow and sporelate
on dead fish, mushroom, fruit bodies,
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and dead insects. While the entire
genome of P. Destructions has been
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mapped out, there is not a
lot that's known about it. There is
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an arm of the fungus that carries
an RNA viral component, but that,
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as far as I could tell from
my research, has not been fully identified.
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So not only do we have a
pathogenic fungus, but we also have
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a viral component. The natural hibernation
cycle of bats has contributed greatly to the
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success of P destructions as a pathogen. Hibernation is typically characterized by long cycles
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of sleep, torpor, and intermittent
arousal. This allows endotherms to survive harsh
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weather conditions and food and water shortages. During hibernation, however, immune function
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and metabolism are downregulated dramatically, sometimes
to the point of total inhibition. Body
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temperature also drops significantly, bringing the
bodies of the bats into the perfect range
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for cold loving P destructions to proliferate. To add to the problem, several
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bat species have found survival depends on
more humid conditions in their hibernacula, and
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most will cluster together to conserve energy
and decrease moisture loss. This combines with
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the downregulation and immune function to create
a perfect recipe for disaster for the bats.
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As their immune system falters, the
fungus can invade any immune response that
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the animal may give off as a
defense. This makes the bat the perfect
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host, providing nutrients, ideal conditions
for growth and proliferation, and little to
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no resistance to infection. Most of
the time we see pictures of white nose
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syndrome on the animal's faces, but
this isn't the only area on the body
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where the fungus manifests itself. To
get a more direct view of the seriousness
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of the disease, we have to
look at the most vulnerable and arguably one
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of the most important parts of the
animal, their wings. Bat's wings are
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very delicate. The wing membranes consist
of two layers of epithelium separated by a
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thin layer of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, muscles, and connective tissue.
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When the wings of healthy bats are
contracted and extended, there is a
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suppleness to the wing. The tissue
is elastic and there is a great deal
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of muscle tone. The arms and
digits move easily and smoothly. When the
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wing membrane is compromised, the folded
surfaces adhere to one another, the tissue
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tears easily. There is a loss
of muscle tone, tensile strength, and
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elasticity, and this has been compared
to crumpled tissue paper. Microscopic examination shows
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fungal colonization of skin with epidermal erosions
that are filled with fungal hyphae. There
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will be fungal destruction of the apicrine
glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands
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that compromise the adnexa and deeper dermal
invasion is also common. The fungus replaces
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connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, glandular structures, elastin, and muscle
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fibers that previously existed. Essentially,
as the fungus takes over, it eats
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the animal from the outside in,
digesting each part and replacing it with more
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fungus. The loss of oxygen and
blood flow in the areas distant from fungal
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growth causes infarction of those areas of
the dermis, contraction of tissue, and
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hyper eosinophilia. Because the immune response
is inhibited during hibernation, there is no
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inflammation, so the body doesn't force
blood flow to the infected areas before the
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fungus can take over. P destructions
also causes dehydration since the wing membranes are
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exposed, causing them to experience as
much as a ninety nine percent water loss.
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Bats don't expend a lot of energy
during hibernation. Much of their energy
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is burned by maintaining a core body
temperature close to the ambient temperature of the
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environment, but they do experience brief
periods of arousal during hibernation. It is
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believed that bats experience these periods to
maintain homeostasis. This would include restoring neural
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and muscular function and excreting waste.
A longstanding hypothesis for arousal is that bats
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need to drink to restore their water
balance. At one point, it was
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believed that bats infected with white nose
syndrome would wake and leave the hypernacula in
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the middle of winter to find insects
to replenish the fat stores that the disease
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was eating away at, but now
it's thought that possibly they're leaving in search
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of water. Infected bats are often
seen flying over and drinking from water surfaces
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or eating snow in a last ditch
effort to restore their water balance. Abnormal
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arousals can cause bats to raise their
body temperature about twenty five degrees celsius over
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the course of minutes. It takes
quite a bit of energy to heat a
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small body with a large skin surface
area while hanging upside down inside of a
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cold, dark, damp cave,
especially when their skin has been largely eaten
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away by a fungus. This expenditure
of energy, combined with the lack of
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food during the winter months when bugs
are scarce, contributes to starvation as well
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as water loss. Several antifungals have
been tested against P destructions, and many
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have worked. The problem is getting
these cures to the bats. P destructans
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can also be killed with UV light. It has been suggested that UV lights
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be hung at the entrance of known
hibernation sites so that as the bats fly
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through the openings, they are exposed
to the UV rays, which would in
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turn kill the fungus. It has
also been suggested that antifungals be periodically sprayed
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in areas where bats congregate in order
to dose them against the disease. Now,
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I have no idea if either one
of those plants would work, but
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it's also possible that the bats have
a better plan for themselves. The results
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of several studies show that bat guano
can carry the disease to plant species where
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the fungus will survive and proliferate.
The fungus uses nitrogen sources including nitrate,
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nitrite, ammonium urea, and uric
acid to proliferate, and plants and soil
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are rich in these nutrients. Interestingly
enough, two of the studies that I
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read show that the fungus survives best
on wood, then autoclaved guano, distantly
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followed by fresh guano, and finally
soil. The intriguing parts of these results
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were first of all, that they
were repeatable in two studies that I read.
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Then think about autoclaved guano. This
just fascinates me. Autoclaving essentially cooks
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everything out of the thing that you're
autoclaving. Between pressure, heat, and
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steam, nothing survives. So keeping
that in mind, why would the fungus
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grow better on autoclaved guano than it
did on fresh guano or dirt for that
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matter. In the last episode,
I talked quite a bit about diseases that
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bats carry and why they don't get
sick from them. One of the diseases
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that bats carry is pseudomonas species.
We'll talk more about Pseudomonas in a future
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episode, but for now know that
Pseudomonis is a motile bacterium. In several
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studies that I read, the Pseudomonius
species moved toward the p. Destructans fungus
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and inhibited the growth of the fungus. What this means is that it is
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possible that at least one of the
bacteria that the bats carry naturally could fight
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off white nose syndrome. In the
last episode, I talked about the amazing
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immune systems that bats have and how
that natural immunity allows them to harbor several
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diseases that are detrimental, if not
fatal to humans. I mentioned that their
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immune systems evolve so as to evade
the diseases that they carry. We may
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be seeing this with white nose syndrome, only this time one of the diseases
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that they carry may actually be fighting
off the disease that has killed so many
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members of the order. This is
the perfect segue into morbidity and mortality of
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white nose syndrome. P Destructans is
appropriately named. This disease has a mortality
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rate between ninety and one hundred percent. Several species of bats have been declared
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endangered or at risk of extinction due
to white nose syndrome. As of October
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twenty twenty two, six point seven
million bats have died of white nose syndrome.
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P destructance affects hibernating bat species.
More than forty seven bat species in
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North America depend on hibernation for winter
survival. There are twelve North American species
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that have been confirmed with diagnostic symptoms
of P destructions. The big brown bat,
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cave bat, Eastern small footed bat, fringed bat, gray bat,
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Indiana bat, little brown bat,
northern long eared bat, Western long eared
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bat, tricolored bat, and the
Yuma bat. The gray, Indiana,
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northern long eared, and tricolored species
have been put on the endangered list.
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The little brown, northern long eared, and tricolored bats have seen a ninety
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percent decline in their populations. They
have been virtually wiped out in the last
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ten years due to white nose syndrome. The disease has also affected the big
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brown and Indiana bat populations. However, the Indiana bat has been on the
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endangered species list for quite a while. More species have been diagnosed as having
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P destructions, but they haven't developed
white nose syndrome, the Eastern red bat,
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00:20:03.400 --> 00:20:11.079
Mexican freetailed bat, Raffanesque's big eared
bat, silver haired bat, Townsend's
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00:20:11.160 --> 00:20:15.960
big eared bat, Virginia big eared
bat, Ozark big eared bat, and
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the Western small footed bat. These
populations have seen an uptick in white nose
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syndrome, but they don't seem to
be getting sick from it. This disease
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00:20:30.000 --> 00:20:36.240
has spread through thirty nine US states
and eight Canadian provinces and shows no indication
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that it's slowing down. I put
a link in the show notes to a
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00:20:41.279 --> 00:20:48.359
website that has an interactive map trucking
the spread of p destructions across North America.
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I've also copied a current map so
that you can have just a quick
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00:20:52.839 --> 00:20:56.000
look if you want. Okay,
we're going to take a break to hear
203
00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:00.920
from our sponsors. Then we'll come
back and I'll talk a little about the
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00:21:00.039 --> 00:21:08.559
history of white nose syndrome. Are
you a truecrime advocate? Are you passionate
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for fifteen percent off the ticket price. Special guests will include Julie Murray,
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Terra Newell, and Call your Landry
to name a few. I'll be there
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representing another podcast that I'm involved with, True Consequences. Come by and meet
218
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Eric Carter Landein and I We would
love to meet you. The history of
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00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:41.039
white nose syndrome can be a little
confusing. Dates vary, places, very
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00:22:41.200 --> 00:22:45.279
people vary. So what I'm going
to do is give the most popular version
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00:22:45.319 --> 00:22:51.839
of events then I'll talk about some
murkier water as we go. Normally I
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00:22:51.920 --> 00:22:56.319
try to stay to a chronological sequence
of events, but I don't think that's
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00:22:56.359 --> 00:23:00.839
going to work here. A very
popular phote is floating around that dates back
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00:23:00.880 --> 00:23:07.039
to two thousand and six. This
photo shows several dead bats on the floor
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00:23:07.119 --> 00:23:12.200
of House Cave in New York.
This is the first evidence of white nose
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00:23:12.279 --> 00:23:19.039
syndrome in the US. House Cave
is still a very popular tourist attraction.
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00:23:19.720 --> 00:23:25.039
Hundreds of thousands of people come from
all over the world to visit the cave
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00:23:25.119 --> 00:23:32.039
each year. It's thought that this
cave is where it all began. Biologists
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from the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation we're making their rounds to various
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bat habitats in the late winter of
two thousand and seven. Every year,
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00:23:41.960 --> 00:23:48.359
these conservationists would visit hibernation areas to
check on the bats and make some general
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00:23:48.400 --> 00:23:56.079
observations about the order and the local
species. Upon entering one of the caves,
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00:23:56.240 --> 00:24:02.480
the researchers came upon a horrible site. Piles of dead bats were covering
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00:24:02.519 --> 00:24:07.200
the floor of the cave. More
bats were seen flying out of the cave
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00:24:07.279 --> 00:24:12.200
into the snow and cold. Many
residents had reported seeing bats in flight during
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00:24:12.200 --> 00:24:18.640
the winter, but no one expected
this. The researchers brought several of the
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00:24:18.680 --> 00:24:23.039
carcasses back to the facility for necropsy, and this is when they noticed that
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00:24:23.079 --> 00:24:27.200
there was a white fungus growing on
the faces of the bats that had died.
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00:24:29.480 --> 00:24:34.400
This was how white nose syndrome got
its name. Now we all know
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00:24:34.519 --> 00:24:41.799
that no good research begins before the
pathogen is identified and named. In two
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00:24:41.839 --> 00:24:47.240
thousand and eight, Blehart and his
team described the fungus associated with white nose
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00:24:47.359 --> 00:24:52.480
syndrome as a member of the genus
Genomiases. A year later, in two
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00:24:52.480 --> 00:24:57.519
thousand and nine, Gargas's team came
along and described the unique identifiers of the
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00:24:57.559 --> 00:25:07.119
species of fungus. They gave it
the name Genomiases destructtions. In Latin destructens
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00:25:07.240 --> 00:25:14.839
means destroying, and this is a
very fitting descriptor for this disease. In
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00:25:14.880 --> 00:25:18.839
two thousand and eleven, the fungus
was definitively identified as the cause of white
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00:25:18.839 --> 00:25:26.160
nose syndrome by scientists at the United
States Geological Survey. Before this research was
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00:25:26.200 --> 00:25:30.319
released, it was unknown whether the
fungus was the cause of white nose syndrome
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00:25:30.839 --> 00:25:38.319
or an opportunistic pathogen that was separate
from the disease. In two thousand and
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00:25:38.359 --> 00:25:45.200
thirteen, an analysis of the phylogenic
relationship indicated that this fungus was more closely
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00:25:45.200 --> 00:25:55.960
related to the genus Pseudogemnoascus than to
the genus Geomiases. Thus the fungus was
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00:25:56.039 --> 00:26:06.440
renamed Pseudogemnoascus. Destructis oh Latin for
a dead language. You still make lives
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00:26:06.480 --> 00:26:11.559
miserable. You'll notice that I'm only
using common names for the bat species in
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00:26:11.599 --> 00:26:15.799
this episode. It's because I didn't
want to butcher any more Latin than I
255
00:26:15.839 --> 00:26:23.000
absolutely had to. In two thousand
and eleven, several anti fungals, fungicides
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00:26:23.000 --> 00:26:30.759
and biicides were tested against P destructions. Many of them were successful in inhibiting
257
00:26:30.799 --> 00:26:37.920
the growth of the fungus. Another
study from twenty fourteen identified several volatile organic
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00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:47.200
compounds that demonstrated inhibition of milocelial extension
and growth from canidia. In two thousand
259
00:26:47.240 --> 00:26:51.920
and fifteen, Rhodococcus root a chorus
was shown to inhibit the growth of P.
260
00:26:52.200 --> 00:26:59.960
Destructtions. Research appeared in the scientific
journal Nature in twenty eighteen that showed
261
00:27:00.359 --> 00:27:06.880
that due to a lost enzyme P
destructis lax and ability to repair DNA which
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00:27:06.920 --> 00:27:14.960
has been damaged by UV light.
This is when researchers began studying practical methods
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00:27:15.000 --> 00:27:21.039
of having bats activate a UV system
as they enter and leave a hibernaculum,
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00:27:21.720 --> 00:27:29.599
ultimately as a treatment for their infections. While this wouldn't be a permanent solution,
265
00:27:29.720 --> 00:27:33.119
it may be sufficient to save several
species until they can evolve their own
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00:27:33.119 --> 00:27:41.799
immune systems to fight off the disease
themselves. Okay, here's where things get
267
00:27:41.839 --> 00:27:48.240
confusing. Where did white nose syndrome
originate? We know that in New York
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00:27:48.359 --> 00:27:52.319
white nose syndrome just sort of appeared
in two thousand and six, but where
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00:27:52.319 --> 00:28:00.599
did it come from? The earliest
known historical incident of P destructives was detected
270
00:28:00.680 --> 00:28:07.160
in a museum specimen of a bat
collected in France in nineteen eighteen. This
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00:28:07.319 --> 00:28:12.400
strain, however, differs from the
strain that we're seeing in the US today.
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00:28:12.640 --> 00:28:18.559
Researchers also noted that samples taken from
bats preserved in formaline and ethanol from
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00:28:18.599 --> 00:28:25.279
eighteen sixty one to nineteen seventy one
in the US showed no signs of P.
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00:28:25.519 --> 00:28:32.799
Destructing's infection. It's known that the
fungus exists in several species of Eurasian
275
00:28:32.880 --> 00:28:37.000
bats, but they don't seem to
be affected by the disease. What this
276
00:28:37.160 --> 00:28:42.599
means is that p destructings was introduced
to North American bats during the early twenty
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00:28:42.599 --> 00:28:52.200
first century from Eurasia and found naive
populations to infect and subsequently kill. This
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00:28:52.359 --> 00:28:57.920
is the explanation for the mass death
that we're seeing with white nose syndrome across
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00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:04.440
the US today. It was likely
introduced to house Cave in either two thousand
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00:29:04.440 --> 00:29:11.440
and five or two thousand and six
by tourists from Eurasia and has spread from
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00:29:11.480 --> 00:29:17.680
bat to bats since, eventually making
its way across the country through migration patterns
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00:29:17.759 --> 00:29:26.000
and shared hibernaculum. I think smallpox. That's how smallpox eradicated millions. As
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00:29:26.039 --> 00:29:30.759
people traveled across the world, they
brought the disease to naive populations and the
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00:29:30.839 --> 00:29:40.799
disease spread, eventually eradicating several of
those populations. So what can be done?
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00:29:41.880 --> 00:29:45.680
I love to go spelunky. There
are so many neat things in caves.
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00:29:47.400 --> 00:29:52.240
It's like a totally different world.
The caves and old mines are homes
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00:29:52.279 --> 00:29:59.480
to bats. So for now I'm
staying out of them. Many caves across
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00:29:59.519 --> 00:30:03.720
the country are now closed to visitors
so that hibernating bats and maternity colonies can
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00:30:03.759 --> 00:30:11.440
be protected against white nose syndrome.
If you are a frequent caver, familiarize
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00:30:11.480 --> 00:30:19.799
yourself with common WNS decontamination procedures.
If you choose to build a bat house
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00:30:19.839 --> 00:30:25.920
in your yard, check to make
sure that whatever stain you're using is resistant
292
00:30:25.920 --> 00:30:30.480
to fungus. Of course, if
you see a dead bat, don't take
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00:30:30.519 --> 00:30:34.160
care of it yourself, call fish
and wildlife to dispose of it. White
294
00:30:34.160 --> 00:30:38.519
nose syndrome doesn't affect people at all, but the carcasses of bats are used
295
00:30:38.519 --> 00:30:45.920
in research and tracking programs that help
stop the spread of the disease. If
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00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.599
you'd like to get involved with bat
conservation programs in your area, there is
297
00:30:49.640 --> 00:30:56.839
a website www. Dot White Nose
Syndrome dot org that lists groups across the
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00:30:56.920 --> 00:31:02.599
country that are working to preserve the
order and stop the spread of white nose
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00:31:02.720 --> 00:31:07.559
syndrome. White nose syndrome is the
leading killer of bats in the US.
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00:31:08.680 --> 00:31:14.039
It's up to us to help save
one of the most important orders in the
301
00:31:14.200 --> 00:31:23.559
environment worldwide. Bats do so much
for humankind let's return the favor. Thank
302
00:31:23.559 --> 00:31:27.240
you so much for listening to Cause
of Death one hundred seconds to midnight.
303
00:31:27.880 --> 00:31:32.920
Please take a look at the show
notes for the research on white nose syndrome
304
00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:37.960
and bats. There is some very
extensive research being done to save this order,
305
00:31:38.359 --> 00:31:45.559
and it's worth digging into. I
believe that very early in the podcast,
306
00:31:45.720 --> 00:31:48.920
maybe the first or second more than
you ever wanted to know, episode,
307
00:31:49.559 --> 00:31:56.599
I explained how layman can read research
papers without having their heads explode.
308
00:31:56.119 --> 00:32:00.240
In case you don't remember and would
like to go through some of the white
309
00:32:00.240 --> 00:32:05.319
papers associated with this or any other
episode, remember that you don't have to
310
00:32:05.319 --> 00:32:09.039
try to slog through every bit of
the research unless you really want to.
311
00:32:10.599 --> 00:32:15.960
Most of the time, the abstract, the introduction, and the conclusion will
312
00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:22.440
give you a very good overview without
getting into methods, analytics and raw data.
313
00:32:22.519 --> 00:32:25.279
Of course, if you like methods, analytics and raw data, go
314
00:32:25.440 --> 00:32:29.960
forth and read the whole paper.
You can learn a lot about research.
315
00:32:32.039 --> 00:32:36.920
If you have questions, I can
be reached at Jackie at cause of Death
316
00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:43.319
one hundred sex dot net or on
the website at www cause of Death one
317
00:32:43.400 --> 00:32:49.839
hundred sex dot net. Someone asked
me about my Patreon, they couldn't find
318
00:32:49.839 --> 00:32:53.960
it, so even though I do
list it in the show notes every week,
319
00:32:54.200 --> 00:33:01.160
I'll give it to you here.
That web address is www dot Patreon
320
00:33:01.359 --> 00:33:07.759
dot com slash Jackie Moranti. You
can also go and sign up on Apple
321
00:33:07.839 --> 00:33:15.400
subscriptions. Patreon just gives you more
perks. Check the show notes for other
322
00:33:15.440 --> 00:33:20.680
ways you can support the show,
and don't forget to visit this month's sponsor,
323
00:33:20.880 --> 00:33:24.960
True Leaf Market. Remember that cover
plants will help entice bats to your
324
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yard and that house that you built
for them. We have three more episodes
325
00:33:31.680 --> 00:33:37.359
left in season six Who's Who Outside
of the Zoo. Then I'm going to
326
00:33:37.359 --> 00:33:39.680
take a short hiatus so that I
can sort of get my poop in a
327
00:33:39.720 --> 00:33:44.559
group. I'd like to take some
time off so that I can get a
328
00:33:44.559 --> 00:33:51.599
few episodes ahead again. Next time, we'll be talking about another fungal disease
329
00:33:51.680 --> 00:34:00.720
that's decimating another order frog fungal disease. Until then, visit www. White
330
00:34:00.720 --> 00:34:09.079
Nose Syndrome dot org and get involved
with that conservation. Do you have a
331
00:34:09.119 --> 00:34:14.559
story of survival? A parent goes
to residential school, You know they haven't
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had that family connection, those traditional
values and ceremonies that many of us exposed
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to are taken or have a lost
loved one that was involved in human trafficking,
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exploitation, missing, or murdered.
My name is Jasmine Castillo and I
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am the host of Hands Off,
my podcast that brings to the forefront specifically
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from Asian American Native, Hawaiian Pacific
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Anderson jam one most electation of your
emergency man, what's going on out there
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you're staying as well as nonprofit organizations
when now they're prime investigated. Five years
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ago, we picked up a case
that Wish needs Harris case that help and
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advocate families of lost loved ones with
they're closure from sometime from his shift they
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worked to that next day, he
was either robbed or apprehended at some point
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00:35:07.719 --> 00:35:13.079
with someone coming into the restaurant and
opening a cold case. So that to
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me was his way out and it
negatively impacted our money's investigation. Please join
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me on Thursdays on any podcast platform
wherever you listen to your podcasts. We
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are voiceless no more.
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During March of twenty twenty, I
did what so many of us did during
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that time. I took up a
new hobby. I decided that I was
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going to propagate plants. I bought
all kinds of seeds. I had the
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idea that I could grow any kind
of herb that I wanted, and I
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would be able to use these herbs
to do everything from infusing oils to throwing
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them on some amazingly tasty meals.
Well, I failed miserably. I had
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no idea what I was doing,
and most of my plants died. I
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didn't know how to start them correctly, I didn't know how to cut them
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correctly. So there I was with
a bunch of empty pots, starting over
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and over again, and failing every
time. Then I found true Leaf Market.
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True Leaf offers seed packets, grow
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the same price that I was paying
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about two forty nine and organic seeds
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last fifty years, true Leaf Market
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sprouting and microgreen seeds, and of
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so get your seats today and have
a great gardening season. Dorcast Network The
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light shines Brightest on our indie podcasts. Hey their Rainbow Warriors. I'm CJ
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hosted Beyond the Rainbow, True Crimes
of the lgbt My episodes focus on crimes
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00:03:06.560 --> 00:03:12.919
committed by and against the LGBTQ community. I've covered cases you probably have heard
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00:03:12.919 --> 00:03:17.400
of, such as Matthew Shepard,
Brandon Tina, and the Orlando puls nightclub
37
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massacre, as well as some lesser
known cases like the murder of Ray Hainish,
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the Australian gay beat murders, and
the suspicious disappearance of Lisa Lynde Stone.
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I cover cases brought to me by
listeners like Penny Brummer, who I
40
00:03:34.639 --> 00:03:39.599
believe was wrongfully convicted, taboo cases
such as lesbian corrective rape and murder in
41
00:03:39.639 --> 00:03:46.639
South Africa and Pray the Gay Away
Camps. I discussed gay serial killers,
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00:03:46.120 --> 00:03:51.080
women who pretend to be men to
hook up with other women, and trans
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00:03:51.199 --> 00:03:57.400
murders. I'm opinionated and uncensored.
I know I'm not everyone's cup of tea,
44
00:03:57.560 --> 00:04:02.159
but surely I'm someone shot at tequila. No matter what your gender orientation
45
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in life might be, Please join
me as I tackle rainbow crimes in search
46
00:04:06.960 --> 00:04:14.120
of unicorn justice. Remember it's not
a crime to be gay unless you're a
47
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murderer. If you like weird,
spooky and strange history, then I have
48
00:04:30.439 --> 00:04:35.120
the podcast for you. My name
is Brenda and I'm the host of Horrifying
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00:04:35.199 --> 00:04:41.079
History. Are you into the Dark
Side of History? Horrifying History tells you
50
00:04:41.199 --> 00:04:45.199
about the side of history that people
don't normally talk about. We tell the
51
00:04:45.240 --> 00:04:49.399
tales of haunted places, infamous true
crimes, the paranormal and unsolved mysteries,
52
00:04:49.439 --> 00:04:55.360
and then we look to history to
see where the truth actually lies. Want
53
00:04:55.360 --> 00:04:59.600
to get spooky with us? Get
your Horrifying History fixed by subscribing today on
54
00:04:59.639 --> 00:05:14.800
sp if I, Spreaker, or
if you find your favorite podcasts. Hello,
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00:05:15.279 --> 00:05:19.160
and welcome to Cause of Death one
hundred seconds to midnight. I'm your
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00:05:19.199 --> 00:05:27.160
host, Jackie Morante. I'm hoping
that all of you have enjoyed the Who's
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Who Outside of the Zoo season as
much as I have. I've really gotten
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some great feedback, especially on the
last episode about bats, disease and the
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environment, and I really appreciate that
In the last episode I briefly mentioned white
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nose syndrome. It's a terrible disease
that is killed off about ninety percent of
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some species of bats in North America. If you haven't listened to the last
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episode, I suggest that you go
back and give that one to listen before
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you start this one. It gives
a pretty good overview of the importance of
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bats to several ecosystems and to people. If you have listened to that episode,
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then you already know how invaluable this
order is. Without them, we
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wouldn't have several species of plants,
nor would we have many vaccines. We
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may not even have echolocation technology.
Bats have given us so much, and
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now we need to think about what
we can do for them. Let's begin
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with the eediology and pathology of white
nose syndrome. White nose syndrome is caused
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by a pathogenic fungus called Pseudomya genascus
destructtions that was formerly known as Geomiases destructis.
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After close study, the fungus was
reclass suffied because it more closely resembles
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other fungi from the pseudo Eurotiatia family. P. Destructions is a psychrophilic or
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cold loving fungus that forms asymmetrically curved
canidia. It was likely introduced to North
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America by human trade or travel from
Eurasia to North America. This fungus grows
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well at temperatures between four degrees celsius
and twenty degrees celsius, but will not
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grow at temperatures above twenty degrees celsius. This is the perfect temperature range for
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caves and other areas where bats hibernate
during the winter months. The fungus produces
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brown and gray colonies, secretes a
brownish pigment, and reproduces asexually via characteristically
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curved canidia. These canidia are produced
at the tips or sides, singly or
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in short chains. This is an
opportunistic pathogen that grows on bats as they
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hibernate, but it has also been
found to grow in cave environments as a
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separate troph It can grow and sporelate
on dead fish, mushroom, fruit bodies,
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and dead insects. While the entire
genome of P. Destructions has been
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mapped out, there is not a
lot that's known about it. There is
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an arm of the fungus that carries
an RNA viral component, but that,
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as far as I could tell from
my research, has not been fully identified.
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So not only do we have a
pathogenic fungus, but we also have
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a viral component. The natural hibernation
cycle of bats has contributed greatly to the
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success of P destructions as a pathogen. Hibernation is typically characterized by long cycles
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of sleep, torpor, and intermittent
arousal. This allows endotherms to survive harsh
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weather conditions and food and water shortages. During hibernation, however, immune function
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and metabolism are downregulated dramatically, sometimes
to the point of total inhibition. Body
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temperature also drops significantly, bringing the
bodies of the bats into the perfect range
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for cold loving P destructions to proliferate. To add to the problem, several
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bat species have found survival depends on
more humid conditions in their hibernacula, and
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most will cluster together to conserve energy
and decrease moisture loss. This combines with
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the downregulation and immune function to create
a perfect recipe for disaster for the bats.
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As their immune system falters, the
fungus can invade any immune response that
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the animal may give off as a
defense. This makes the bat the perfect
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host, providing nutrients, ideal conditions
for growth and proliferation, and little to
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no resistance to infection. Most of
the time we see pictures of white nose
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syndrome on the animal's faces, but
this isn't the only area on the body
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where the fungus manifests itself. To
get a more direct view of the seriousness
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of the disease, we have to
look at the most vulnerable and arguably one
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of the most important parts of the
animal, their wings. Bat's wings are
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very delicate. The wing membranes consist
of two layers of epithelium separated by a
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thin layer of blood and lymphatic vessels, nerves, muscles, and connective tissue.
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When the wings of healthy bats are
contracted and extended, there is a
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suppleness to the wing. The tissue
is elastic and there is a great deal
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of muscle tone. The arms and
digits move easily and smoothly. When the
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wing membrane is compromised, the folded
surfaces adhere to one another, the tissue
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tears easily. There is a loss
of muscle tone, tensile strength, and
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elasticity, and this has been compared
to crumpled tissue paper. Microscopic examination shows
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fungal colonization of skin with epidermal erosions
that are filled with fungal hyphae. There
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will be fungal destruction of the apicrine
glands, hair follicles, and sebaceous glands
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that compromise the adnexa and deeper dermal
invasion is also common. The fungus replaces
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connective tissue, blood and lymphatic vessels, glandular structures, elastin, and muscle
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fibers that previously existed. Essentially,
as the fungus takes over, it eats
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the animal from the outside in,
digesting each part and replacing it with more
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fungus. The loss of oxygen and
blood flow in the areas distant from fungal
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growth causes infarction of those areas of
the dermis, contraction of tissue, and
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hyper eosinophilia. Because the immune response
is inhibited during hibernation, there is no
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inflammation, so the body doesn't force
blood flow to the infected areas before the
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fungus can take over. P destructions
also causes dehydration since the wing membranes are
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exposed, causing them to experience as
much as a ninety nine percent water loss.
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Bats don't expend a lot of energy
during hibernation. Much of their energy
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is burned by maintaining a core body
temperature close to the ambient temperature of the
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environment, but they do experience brief
periods of arousal during hibernation. It is
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believed that bats experience these periods to
maintain homeostasis. This would include restoring neural
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and muscular function and excreting waste.
A longstanding hypothesis for arousal is that bats
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need to drink to restore their water
balance. At one point, it was
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believed that bats infected with white nose
syndrome would wake and leave the hypernacula in
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the middle of winter to find insects
to replenish the fat stores that the disease
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was eating away at, but now
it's thought that possibly they're leaving in search
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of water. Infected bats are often
seen flying over and drinking from water surfaces
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or eating snow in a last ditch
effort to restore their water balance. Abnormal
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arousals can cause bats to raise their
body temperature about twenty five degrees celsius over
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the course of minutes. It takes
quite a bit of energy to heat a
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small body with a large skin surface
area while hanging upside down inside of a
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cold, dark, damp cave,
especially when their skin has been largely eaten
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away by a fungus. This expenditure
of energy, combined with the lack of
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food during the winter months when bugs
are scarce, contributes to starvation as well
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as water loss. Several antifungals have
been tested against P destructions, and many
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have worked. The problem is getting
these cures to the bats. P destructans
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can also be killed with UV light. It has been suggested that UV lights
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be hung at the entrance of known
hibernation sites so that as the bats fly
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through the openings, they are exposed
to the UV rays, which would in
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turn kill the fungus. It has
also been suggested that antifungals be periodically sprayed
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in areas where bats congregate in order
to dose them against the disease. Now,
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I have no idea if either one
of those plants would work, but
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it's also possible that the bats have
a better plan for themselves. The results
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of several studies show that bat guano
can carry the disease to plant species where
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the fungus will survive and proliferate.
The fungus uses nitrogen sources including nitrate,
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00:15:46.200 --> 00:15:52.159
nitrite, ammonium urea, and uric
acid to proliferate, and plants and soil
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00:15:52.240 --> 00:15:58.320
are rich in these nutrients. Interestingly
enough, two of the studies that I
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00:15:58.399 --> 00:16:04.919
read show that the fungus survives best
on wood, then autoclaved guano, distantly
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followed by fresh guano, and finally
soil. The intriguing parts of these results
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were first of all, that they
were repeatable in two studies that I read.
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Then think about autoclaved guano. This
just fascinates me. Autoclaving essentially cooks
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everything out of the thing that you're
autoclaving. Between pressure, heat, and
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steam, nothing survives. So keeping
that in mind, why would the fungus
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grow better on autoclaved guano than it
did on fresh guano or dirt for that
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matter. In the last episode,
I talked quite a bit about diseases that
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bats carry and why they don't get
sick from them. One of the diseases
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that bats carry is pseudomonas species.
We'll talk more about Pseudomonas in a future
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episode, but for now know that
Pseudomonis is a motile bacterium. In several
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studies that I read, the Pseudomonius
species moved toward the p. Destructans fungus
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and inhibited the growth of the fungus. What this means is that it is
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possible that at least one of the
bacteria that the bats carry naturally could fight
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off white nose syndrome. In the
last episode, I talked about the amazing
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immune systems that bats have and how
that natural immunity allows them to harbor several
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diseases that are detrimental, if not
fatal to humans. I mentioned that their
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immune systems evolve so as to evade
the diseases that they carry. We may
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be seeing this with white nose syndrome, only this time one of the diseases
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that they carry may actually be fighting
off the disease that has killed so many
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members of the order. This is
the perfect segue into morbidity and mortality of
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white nose syndrome. P Destructans is
appropriately named. This disease has a mortality
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rate between ninety and one hundred percent. Several species of bats have been declared
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endangered or at risk of extinction due
to white nose syndrome. As of October
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twenty twenty two, six point seven
million bats have died of white nose syndrome.
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P destructance affects hibernating bat species.
More than forty seven bat species in
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North America depend on hibernation for winter
survival. There are twelve North American species
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that have been confirmed with diagnostic symptoms
of P destructions. The big brown bat,
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cave bat, Eastern small footed bat, fringed bat, gray bat,
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00:19:06.680 --> 00:19:12.200
Indiana bat, little brown bat,
northern long eared bat, Western long eared
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00:19:12.240 --> 00:19:19.160
bat, tricolored bat, and the
Yuma bat. The gray, Indiana,
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northern long eared, and tricolored species
have been put on the endangered list.
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The little brown, northern long eared, and tricolored bats have seen a ninety
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percent decline in their populations. They
have been virtually wiped out in the last
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ten years due to white nose syndrome. The disease has also affected the big
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brown and Indiana bat populations. However, the Indiana bat has been on the
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endangered species list for quite a while. More species have been diagnosed as having
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P destructions, but they haven't developed
white nose syndrome, the Eastern red bat,
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Mexican freetailed bat, Raffanesque's big eared
bat, silver haired bat, Townsend's
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big eared bat, Virginia big eared
bat, Ozark big eared bat, and
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the Western small footed bat. These
populations have seen an uptick in white nose
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syndrome, but they don't seem to
be getting sick from it. This disease
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has spread through thirty nine US states
and eight Canadian provinces and shows no indication
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that it's slowing down. I put
a link in the show notes to a
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website that has an interactive map trucking
the spread of p destructions across North America.
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I've also copied a current map so
that you can have just a quick
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00:20:52.839 --> 00:20:56.000
look if you want. Okay,
we're going to take a break to hear
203
00:20:56.000 --> 00:21:00.920
from our sponsors. Then we'll come
back and I'll talk a little about the
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00:21:00.039 --> 00:21:08.559
history of white nose syndrome. Are
you a truecrime advocate? Are you passionate
205
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about uncovering the truth and bringing justice
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for fifteen percent off the ticket price. Special guests will include Julie Murray,
216
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Terra Newell, and Call your Landry
to name a few. I'll be there
217
00:22:21.720 --> 00:22:26.359
representing another podcast that I'm involved with, True Consequences. Come by and meet
218
00:22:26.559 --> 00:22:36.960
Eric Carter Landein and I We would
love to meet you. The history of
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00:22:37.000 --> 00:22:41.039
white nose syndrome can be a little
confusing. Dates vary, places, very
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00:22:41.200 --> 00:22:45.279
people vary. So what I'm going
to do is give the most popular version
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00:22:45.319 --> 00:22:51.839
of events then I'll talk about some
murkier water as we go. Normally I
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try to stay to a chronological sequence
of events, but I don't think that's
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00:22:56.359 --> 00:23:00.839
going to work here. A very
popular phote is floating around that dates back
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00:23:00.880 --> 00:23:07.039
to two thousand and six. This
photo shows several dead bats on the floor
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of House Cave in New York.
This is the first evidence of white nose
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syndrome in the US. House Cave
is still a very popular tourist attraction.
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Hundreds of thousands of people come from
all over the world to visit the cave
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each year. It's thought that this
cave is where it all began. Biologists
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from the New York State Department of
Environmental Conservation we're making their rounds to various
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bat habitats in the late winter of
two thousand and seven. Every year,
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these conservationists would visit hibernation areas to
check on the bats and make some general
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observations about the order and the local
species. Upon entering one of the caves,
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the researchers came upon a horrible site. Piles of dead bats were covering
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the floor of the cave. More
bats were seen flying out of the cave
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into the snow and cold. Many
residents had reported seeing bats in flight during
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the winter, but no one expected
this. The researchers brought several of the
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carcasses back to the facility for necropsy, and this is when they noticed that
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there was a white fungus growing on
the faces of the bats that had died.
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This was how white nose syndrome got
its name. Now we all know
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that no good research begins before the
pathogen is identified and named. In two
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thousand and eight, Blehart and his
team described the fungus associated with white nose
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syndrome as a member of the genus
Genomiases. A year later, in two
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thousand and nine, Gargas's team came
along and described the unique identifiers of the
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species of fungus. They gave it
the name Genomiases destructtions. In Latin destructens
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means destroying, and this is a
very fitting descriptor for this disease. In
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two thousand and eleven, the fungus
was definitively identified as the cause of white
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nose syndrome by scientists at the United
States Geological Survey. Before this research was
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released, it was unknown whether the
fungus was the cause of white nose syndrome
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or an opportunistic pathogen that was separate
from the disease. In two thousand and
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thirteen, an analysis of the phylogenic
relationship indicated that this fungus was more closely
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related to the genus Pseudogemnoascus than to
the genus Geomiases. Thus the fungus was
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renamed Pseudogemnoascus. Destructis oh Latin for
a dead language. You still make lives
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00:26:06.480 --> 00:26:11.559
miserable. You'll notice that I'm only
using common names for the bat species in
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00:26:11.599 --> 00:26:15.799
this episode. It's because I didn't
want to butcher any more Latin than I
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absolutely had to. In two thousand
and eleven, several anti fungals, fungicides
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00:26:23.000 --> 00:26:30.759
and biicides were tested against P destructions. Many of them were successful in inhibiting
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00:26:30.799 --> 00:26:37.920
the growth of the fungus. Another
study from twenty fourteen identified several volatile organic
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00:26:37.000 --> 00:26:47.200
compounds that demonstrated inhibition of milocelial extension
and growth from canidia. In two thousand
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00:26:47.240 --> 00:26:51.920
and fifteen, Rhodococcus root a chorus
was shown to inhibit the growth of P.
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00:26:52.200 --> 00:26:59.960
Destructtions. Research appeared in the scientific
journal Nature in twenty eighteen that showed
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00:27:00.359 --> 00:27:06.880
that due to a lost enzyme P
destructis lax and ability to repair DNA which
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has been damaged by UV light.
This is when researchers began studying practical methods
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of having bats activate a UV system
as they enter and leave a hibernaculum,
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ultimately as a treatment for their infections. While this wouldn't be a permanent solution,
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it may be sufficient to save several
species until they can evolve their own
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immune systems to fight off the disease
themselves. Okay, here's where things get
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00:27:41.839 --> 00:27:48.240
confusing. Where did white nose syndrome
originate? We know that in New York
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white nose syndrome just sort of appeared
in two thousand and six, but where
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did it come from? The earliest
known historical incident of P destructives was detected
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00:28:00.680 --> 00:28:07.160
in a museum specimen of a bat
collected in France in nineteen eighteen. This
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00:28:07.319 --> 00:28:12.400
strain, however, differs from the
strain that we're seeing in the US today.
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Researchers also noted that samples taken from
bats preserved in formaline and ethanol from
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eighteen sixty one to nineteen seventy one
in the US showed no signs of P.
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Destructing's infection. It's known that the
fungus exists in several species of Eurasian
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bats, but they don't seem to
be affected by the disease. What this
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00:28:37.160 --> 00:28:42.599
means is that p destructings was introduced
to North American bats during the early twenty
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first century from Eurasia and found naive
populations to infect and subsequently kill. This
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is the explanation for the mass death
that we're seeing with white nose syndrome across
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00:28:59.000 --> 00:29:04.440
the US today. It was likely
introduced to house Cave in either two thousand
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00:29:04.440 --> 00:29:11.440
and five or two thousand and six
by tourists from Eurasia and has spread from
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00:29:11.480 --> 00:29:17.680
bat to bats since, eventually making
its way across the country through migration patterns
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and shared hibernaculum. I think smallpox. That's how smallpox eradicated millions. As
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00:29:26.039 --> 00:29:30.759
people traveled across the world, they
brought the disease to naive populations and the
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00:29:30.839 --> 00:29:40.799
disease spread, eventually eradicating several of
those populations. So what can be done?
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00:29:41.880 --> 00:29:45.680
I love to go spelunky. There
are so many neat things in caves.
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00:29:47.400 --> 00:29:52.240
It's like a totally different world.
The caves and old mines are homes
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00:29:52.279 --> 00:29:59.480
to bats. So for now I'm
staying out of them. Many caves across
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00:29:59.519 --> 00:30:03.720
the country are now closed to visitors
so that hibernating bats and maternity colonies can
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00:30:03.759 --> 00:30:11.440
be protected against white nose syndrome.
If you are a frequent caver, familiarize
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00:30:11.480 --> 00:30:19.799
yourself with common WNS decontamination procedures.
If you choose to build a bat house
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00:30:19.839 --> 00:30:25.920
in your yard, check to make
sure that whatever stain you're using is resistant
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00:30:25.920 --> 00:30:30.480
to fungus. Of course, if
you see a dead bat, don't take
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00:30:30.519 --> 00:30:34.160
care of it yourself, call fish
and wildlife to dispose of it. White
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00:30:34.160 --> 00:30:38.519
nose syndrome doesn't affect people at all, but the carcasses of bats are used
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00:30:38.519 --> 00:30:45.920
in research and tracking programs that help
stop the spread of the disease. If
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00:30:45.000 --> 00:30:49.599
you'd like to get involved with bat
conservation programs in your area, there is
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00:30:49.640 --> 00:30:56.839
a website www. Dot White Nose
Syndrome dot org that lists groups across the
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00:30:56.920 --> 00:31:02.599
country that are working to preserve the
order and stop the spread of white nose
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00:31:02.720 --> 00:31:07.559
syndrome. White nose syndrome is the
leading killer of bats in the US.
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00:31:08.680 --> 00:31:14.039
It's up to us to help save
one of the most important orders in the
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00:31:14.200 --> 00:31:23.559
environment worldwide. Bats do so much
for humankind let's return the favor. Thank
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00:31:23.559 --> 00:31:27.240
you so much for listening to Cause
of Death one hundred seconds to midnight.
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00:31:27.880 --> 00:31:32.920
Please take a look at the show
notes for the research on white nose syndrome
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00:31:32.960 --> 00:31:37.960
and bats. There is some very
extensive research being done to save this order,
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00:31:38.359 --> 00:31:45.559
and it's worth digging into. I
believe that very early in the podcast,
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00:31:45.720 --> 00:31:48.920
maybe the first or second more than
you ever wanted to know, episode,
307
00:31:49.559 --> 00:31:56.599
I explained how layman can read research
papers without having their heads explode.
308
00:31:56.119 --> 00:32:00.240
In case you don't remember and would
like to go through some of the white
309
00:32:00.240 --> 00:32:05.319
papers associated with this or any other
episode, remember that you don't have to
310
00:32:05.319 --> 00:32:09.039
try to slog through every bit of
the research unless you really want to.
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00:32:10.599 --> 00:32:15.960
Most of the time, the abstract, the introduction, and the conclusion will
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00:32:15.000 --> 00:32:22.440
give you a very good overview without
getting into methods, analytics and raw data.
313
00:32:22.519 --> 00:32:25.279
Of course, if you like methods, analytics and raw data, go
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00:32:25.440 --> 00:32:29.960
forth and read the whole paper.
You can learn a lot about research.
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00:32:32.039 --> 00:32:36.920
If you have questions, I can
be reached at Jackie at cause of Death
316
00:32:37.000 --> 00:32:43.319
one hundred sex dot net or on
the website at www cause of Death one
317
00:32:43.400 --> 00:32:49.839
hundred sex dot net. Someone asked
me about my Patreon, they couldn't find
318
00:32:49.839 --> 00:32:53.960
it, so even though I do
list it in the show notes every week,
319
00:32:54.200 --> 00:33:01.160
I'll give it to you here.
That web address is www dot Patreon
320
00:33:01.359 --> 00:33:07.759
dot com slash Jackie Moranti. You
can also go and sign up on Apple
321
00:33:07.839 --> 00:33:15.400
subscriptions. Patreon just gives you more
perks. Check the show notes for other
322
00:33:15.440 --> 00:33:20.680
ways you can support the show,
and don't forget to visit this month's sponsor,
323
00:33:20.880 --> 00:33:24.960
True Leaf Market. Remember that cover
plants will help entice bats to your
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00:33:25.039 --> 00:33:31.599
yard and that house that you built
for them. We have three more episodes
325
00:33:31.680 --> 00:33:37.359
left in season six Who's Who Outside
of the Zoo. Then I'm going to
326
00:33:37.359 --> 00:33:39.680
take a short hiatus so that I
can sort of get my poop in a
327
00:33:39.720 --> 00:33:44.559
group. I'd like to take some
time off so that I can get a
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00:33:44.559 --> 00:33:51.599
few episodes ahead again. Next time, we'll be talking about another fungal disease
329
00:33:51.680 --> 00:34:00.720
that's decimating another order frog fungal disease. Until then, visit www. White
330
00:34:00.720 --> 00:34:09.079
Nose Syndrome dot org and get involved
with that conservation. Do you have a
331
00:34:09.119 --> 00:34:14.559
story of survival? A parent goes
to residential school, You know they haven't
332
00:34:14.559 --> 00:34:20.400
had that family connection, those traditional
values and ceremonies that many of us exposed
333
00:34:20.400 --> 00:34:24.159
to are taken or have a lost
loved one that was involved in human trafficking,
334
00:34:24.559 --> 00:34:30.159
exploitation, missing, or murdered.
My name is Jasmine Castillo and I
335
00:34:30.199 --> 00:34:34.719
am the host of Hands Off,
my podcast that brings to the forefront specifically
336
00:34:34.800 --> 00:34:38.840
from Asian American Native, Hawaiian Pacific
Islander, Black Indigenous people of color.
337
00:34:39.239 --> 00:34:45.039
Anderson jam one most electation of your
emergency man, what's going on out there
338
00:34:45.320 --> 00:34:52.119
you're staying as well as nonprofit organizations
when now they're prime investigated. Five years
339
00:34:52.119 --> 00:34:57.119
ago, we picked up a case
that Wish needs Harris case that help and
340
00:34:57.199 --> 00:35:01.639
advocate families of lost loved ones with
they're closure from sometime from his shift they
341
00:35:01.679 --> 00:35:07.639
worked to that next day, he
was either robbed or apprehended at some point
342
00:35:07.719 --> 00:35:13.079
with someone coming into the restaurant and
opening a cold case. So that to
343
00:35:13.320 --> 00:35:20.239
me was his way out and it
negatively impacted our money's investigation. Please join
344
00:35:20.320 --> 00:35:25.599
me on Thursdays on any podcast platform
wherever you listen to your podcasts. We
345
00:35:25.840 --> 00:35:28.519
are voiceless no more.
