May 27, 2023
S6 E4: Little Bunny Foo Foo: The Story of Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Virus
Rabbits, hares and pikas belong to a family of animals called “Lagomorphs” or order Lagomorpha. Rabbits and hares belong to the family Leporidae and pikas belong to the family Ochotonidae. While rabbits and hares have long ears, a short tail and very...
Rabbits, hares and pikas belong to a family of animals called “Lagomorphs” or order Lagomorpha. Rabbits and hares belong to the family Leporidae and pikas belong to the family Ochotonidae. While rabbits and hares have long ears, a short tail and very strong hind limbs that give them that characteristic bounding motion, pikas are smaller, have shorter, rounded ears, no external tail to speak of and smaller hind limbs that give them more of a scampering motion. Lagomorphs are small to medium-sized herbivores that tend to live underground. At one time, they were included in the Order Rodentia since both orders possess a set of incisors that grow throughout their lives. However, lagomorphs also have a second pair of incisors that are set directly behind the growing pair in the upper jaw. This trait is specific to lagomorphs. Now, thanks to species gene coding, we know that these two orders have very distinct and separate evolutionary histories. Rabbits are an important part of the ecosystems that they inhabit. Without them, many prey animals wouldn’t survive. This disease could kill off a necessary food source for coyotes, hawks, eagles, bears and other prey animals. You can reach me on the website at www.causeofdeath100secs.net or you can email me at Jackie@causeofdeath100secs.net. My Link Tree can be found at: https://linktr.ee/CauseofDeathpod Rabbit Hemorrhagic Disease Show Notes: https://www.aphis.usda.gov/publications/animal_health/fs-rhdv2.pdf https://www.avma.org/resources-tools/animal-health-and-welfare/animal-health/rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease https://cwhl.vet.cornell.edu/disease/rabbit-hemorrhagic-disease http://publichealth.lacounty.gov/vet/RHDV.htm https://datcp.wi.gov/Pages/Programs_Services/RabbitHemorrhagicDisease.aspx https://tpwd.texas.gov/huntwild/wild/diseases/rabbit-hemorrhagic/ https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/1297-9716-43-12 https://www.cfsph.iastate.edu/Factsheets/pdfs/rabbit_hemorrhagic_disease.pdf https://veterinaryresearch.biomedcentral.com/articles/10.1186/s13567-015-0245-5#:~:text=RHDV%20is%20a%20non%2Denveloped,capsid%20subunit%2C%20the%20VP60%20protein. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/9541616/
WEBVTT
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During March of twenty twenty, I
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Keely and I host a true grimin
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takes a special focus on unsolved cases. I'm missing Person's Case. All of
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my truecrime episodes are made and hopes
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such as the original story of the
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and Warren and Mothman. Truecrime and
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part episodes like The Bobby Mackey Music
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is Kelly and this is Jenna.
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or our inappropriate comments and colorful language. Join us every Monday on your favorite
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to Hell Dark Cast Network. Come
on over to the dark Side. We're
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really nice people once you get past
the true crime and scary science. Hello,
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and welcome to Cause of Death.
One hundred seconds to midnight. I'm
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your host, Jackie Moranti. I
want to begin this episode by thanking all
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of my long time and new listeners
for stick with this podcast. You are
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the reason that I pour over pages
and pages of white papers and government documents
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so that every two weeks I can
tell you about another disease or another disaster
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that plagues the earth. It's because
of you that I made it to number
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fifty five on the Apple Podcast charts
for Life Sciences in the US. I've
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also stayed at number one on the
Good Pods Life Sciences and Indie Life Sciences
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charts for several weeks now. And
if that wasn't enough, I've hit the
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top five percent in the Listen Notes
charts. All these things mean that the
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podcast will be easier to find for
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every subscription, every review, they
all count toward making this podcast the first
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thing that comes up when people look
up cause of death in their podcast player.
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It's a big deal, and if
it weren't for all of you,
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I'd just be talking to myself.
So thank you so much for supporting this
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project. If you're new to the
pod, I'm going to ask that you
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don't give up on it. It's
a little technical in the beginning, but
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I promise by the time we get
to the history part of the episode,
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everything will seem a lot clearer.
I also want to say that this is
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not as depressing as it seems.
I won't give your rose colored glasses,
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but I will try to give you
a greater understanding of the things that can
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be done to bring us back from
the brink. I had a couple of
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listener emails after the last show.
My friend and mentor Eric had some very
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kind words for me. I even
got a little misty over this. I
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love that I can have you research
all the stuff that I have questions about.
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I might have to wait a few
months, but you get there,
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and I'm grateful. I'm also pissed
off about the deregulation of trains. Thanks
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so much, Eric, I appreciate
those words, especially coming from you.
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Eric has one of the best true
crime podcasts around. It's called True Consequences.
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I do quite a bit of research
and writing for that show. So
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if you love this one and you
love true crime, go listen to Eric
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and you'll hear more of my research. In writing in those episodes, Jessica
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wrote, are you sure that the
railroads are totally under their own control?
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No one oversees them. There is
no federal agency telling them what they can
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and can't do. Okay, Jessica. Nothing pisses me off more than finding
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out that any entity governs themselves.
That's a golden invitation for corruption. But
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the railroad has been self governed since
the first tracks were laid. That information
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is out there for anyone who looks
for it, and also it's in the
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show notes of the last episode.
Dominic asked, why is it taking so
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long to figure out how these disasters
are affecting ecosystems? Does it really take
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forty years to find out what happened
at Chernobyl? How can they not know
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what happened to the larger wildlife in
Ohio, Okay? So Chernobyl is a
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strange beast. Remember, Russia didn't
immediately tell the rest of the world that
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there was a problem. They tried
to hide the whole incident and clean it
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up on their own. Then the
area around that plant for miles was contaminated,
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and no one knew whether it was
safe to go into that area or
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not. People still don't live in
the sea easy. The immediate effects weren't
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studied until years after the accident,
and that was partly because the Russian government
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wouldn't let anyone in. Even after
the xon Valdis, the effects of that
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spill on wildlife weren't totally appreciated for
years after the spill. It takes several
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generations to see what lasting damage has
been done. The Xon Valdis didn't take
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quite as long as Chernobyl, but
it still took several years to determine which
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species would bounce back and how long
it would take. They also had to
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figure out what long term damage was
done to the food chain. We'll have
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to see what Ohio breaks. That
will depend on how the railroad handles it.
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So far, they've been rather combative
when people come in to do any
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research on the environment. They don't
want the world to know how badly they
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screwed up. My last thanks go
out to those who just rode in to
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say how much they're enjoying the Who's
Who outside of the Zoo season. Some
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of you asked if this would be
the only season an addressing wildlife, and
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the answer to that is no.
At some point I'll do a who's Who
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outside of the zoo too. There's
a lot to talk about when we delve
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into wildlife conservation and the environment.
With that, let's get into rabbit hammorrhagic
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disease. Will begin as usual with
ideology and pathology. Rabbits, hairs,
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and pikas belong to an order of
animals called lagomorphs or order Lagomorpha. Rabbits
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and hairs belong to the family Leporidae, and pikas belong to the family Ochotanidae.
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While rabbits and hairs have long ears, a short tail, and very
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strong hind limbs that give them that
characteristic bounding motion, pikas are smaller.
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They have shorter, rounded ears and
no external tail to speak of, and
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they also have smaller hind limbs that
give them more of a scam bring motion.
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Lagomorphs are small to medium sized herbivores
that tend to live underground. At
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one time, they were included in
the order Rhodentia, since both orders possess
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a set of incisors that grow throughout
their lives. However, lagomorphs also have
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a second pair of incisors that are
set directly behind the growing pair in the
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upper jaw. This trait is specific
to lagomorphs. Now, thanks to species
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gene coating, we know that these
two orders have very distinct and separate evolutionary
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histories. A right, so we're
back to talking about poop for a minute.
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I know, I promised that I
wasn't going to mention poop for a
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while after the restaurant rogue season,
but lagomorphs have a definite poop trait that
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defines them. They produce two kinds
of feces, the solid round droppings that
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we all know is rabbit poob and
softer, grease like pellets. This is
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important to the survival of the order
because the softer feces hold up to five
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times the vitamin content of the hard
feces. These feces are produced in the
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secum and are re ingested so that
the animal can get all the nutrients out
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of the food they eat. The
double digestion process allows the feces to be
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passed through the system twice so that
they can get every bit of the vitamins
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and minerals out of their food.
Of course, rabbits reproduce like well rabbits.
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Many species have several large litters per
year, but there are some species
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that only reproduce once a year and
have very small litters. Rabbits are not
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great moms. They leave their young
for most of the day, only coming
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back to nurse once or twice for
a really short time, but their milk
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is among the richest of any mammal, and their young grow quickly. They
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generally wean in about a month Rabbits
play an important role in the food chain
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their food. The average life expectancy
of a wild rabbit is about nine months.
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There are about twenty nine species of
piica. These animals are found in
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the mountains of western North America and
Asia. The two species of North American
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pikas and several of the Asian species
live in rocky habitat so they don't burrow.
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Like rabbits and hairs, there are
around thirty species of hair and twenty
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eight species of rabbit, and they
exist worldwide. Now that we know what
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we're dealing with, let's talk about
the disease that's specific to lagomorphs. Rabbit
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hemorrhagic disease virus. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease
virus is a highly infectious and fatal disease
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of the European rabbit. It belongs
to the lagovirus genus in the Callissaveridae family
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of viruses. It is a non
enveloped, icosahedral, single stranded positive sense
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RNA virus. The virus capsid is
comprised of ninety dimers of a single capsid
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subunit VP sixty protein. The VP
sixty protein has three domains, an N
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terminal arm the NTA a shell s
that forms a scaffold which protects the viral
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RNA, and a flexible protruding domain
P at the capsid surface, which contain
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the determinants for virus host receptor interactions
and antigenic diversity. The P domain can
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be further divided into P one and
P two subdomains, and the P two
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subdomain is located at the outermost surface
exposed region of the viral capsid. In
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two thousand and ten, a new
RHDV related virus with a distinctive pathogenic profile
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was found in France. This virus
is known as RHDV two or rhdvb,
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and it has rapidly spread throughout domestic
and wild rabbit populations in Italy, Spain,
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Portugal, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Azores. There are
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several non pathogenic Callisa viruses that are
genetically related, but they're also relatively distant
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from RHDV. The mortality rate of
RHDV is anywhere between eighty to one hundred
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percent. Rabbits are not susceptible to
the virus from birth. They become more
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susceptible as they get older. Susceptibility
begins around five or six weeks and steadily
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increases to the eighth or ninth week
of life when they are fully susceptible.
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This virus can live for weeks outside
of the host and is spread very easily
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by the fecal, oral, nasal, conjunctival, and parental routes. Animals
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who come to graze where infected animals
have been grazing will generally get the disease.
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It is also spread by vectors such
as fleas flies and mosquitoes. Because
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the virus is resistant to environmental inactivation, fomites are important in the spread of
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the disease. It also survives for
long periods in infected carcasses. Domestic rabbits
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can get it from hutches where infected
rabbits have previously been housed, and most
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disinfectants won't even touch it. There
are three clinical syndromes seen in RHDV.
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The paracute form is characterized by sudden
death with no clinical symp The acute form
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is characterized by anorexia and depression,
followed by neurological signs respiratory distress, ocular
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hemorrhage and epistaxis, lymphopenia, and
abnormalities and coagulation are also present in these
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animals. In the subacute form,
similar signs may be present, but they're
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considerably milder and most of these rabbits
will survive. Hepatic necrosis is consistent through
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the animals that die, and most
experienced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and thrombosis. One
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study found that liver cell death is
induced upon infection and is due to apoptosis.
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This program cell death mainly affects hypotocytes, but macrophages and endothelial cells have
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also presented hallmarks of apoptosis. Hypotocyte
apoptosis produced extensive parenchymal destruction that caused the
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lethal, acute fulminant hepatitis that is
so characteristic of the disease. It's postulated
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that apoptosis and RhD may be the
determining factor in the development of d C.
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Let's take a minute to hear from
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to talk about the history of the
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Murray, Terranewell, and Call your
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there representing another podcast that I'm involved
with, True Consequences. Come by and
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meet Eric Carter Landin and I We
would love to meet you. Our HD
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00:19:52.680 --> 00:19:59.200
was first reported in China in nineteen
eighty four in the Jane Shue province after
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00:19:59.240 --> 00:20:04.599
a group of commercially bread and gorah
rabbits had been imported from Germany. It's
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00:20:04.640 --> 00:20:10.799
thought that the disease may have started
in Germany and been imported to China,
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00:20:10.880 --> 00:20:15.319
but there were never any reports of
RhD before nineteen eighty four, so it's
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00:20:15.359 --> 00:20:22.920
a chicken and egg story. No
one really knows which came first. However,
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00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:26.640
in less than a year, the
virus had killed one hundred and forty
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00:20:26.680 --> 00:20:32.880
million domestic rabbits in China and had
spread over an area of fifty thousand square
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kilometers. Korea was the next country
to report the disease after importing rabbit fur
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00:20:40.079 --> 00:20:47.079
from China. Italy saw its first
outbreak in nineteen eighty six. Then it
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00:20:47.200 --> 00:20:53.559
spread to the rest of Europe and
became endemic in several countries. European rabbits
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originated in the Iberian Peninsula and they
are a key species in the ecosystem,
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00:21:00.960 --> 00:21:06.759
but after the first outbreaks in Spain
and Portugal in nineteen eighty eight and nineteen
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00:21:06.839 --> 00:21:14.079
eighty nine, respectively, there was
a severe reduction in wild populations. North
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Africa began to experience RhD outbreaks and
domestic populations around the same time. In
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nineteen eighty eight, Mexico became the
first country in the Americas to undergo an
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00:21:26.240 --> 00:21:33.039
outbreak of RhD after importing rabbit products
from China. Mexico is the only country
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00:21:33.079 --> 00:21:38.240
to have somehow eradicated the disease,
though the last outbreak there occurred in nineteen
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00:21:38.319 --> 00:21:45.720
ninety two. It's worth noting that
the successful eradication may have been due to
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00:21:45.799 --> 00:21:52.359
the absence of natural populations of wild
European rabbits in that country. North America
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00:21:52.400 --> 00:21:57.559
wouldn't report an outbreak until two thousand
and it has only reported a few outbreaks
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00:21:57.559 --> 00:22:04.240
since the US RhD is considered a
foreign disease and it is reportable to the
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00:22:04.359 --> 00:22:11.240
USDA should an outbreak occur. The
virus finally made its way to distant regions
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00:22:11.279 --> 00:22:18.920
and was eventually reported in Cuba,
Uruguay, and Reunion Island. In Australia
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00:22:19.000 --> 00:22:25.440
and New Zealand, where rabbits are
considered to be agricultural pests and major threats
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00:22:25.480 --> 00:22:30.839
to the endemic wildlife, flora and
fauna, RhD was considered an agent for
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00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:38.599
rabbit control. These countries used biological
warfare against rabbit populations. If you have
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00:22:38.680 --> 00:22:44.079
a subscription to the show you'll get
to hear the episode on the House that
235
00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:49.119
Jack built. That episode explains what
happens when feral species are introduced into an
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00:22:49.119 --> 00:22:55.200
area and how they take over.
It also addresses the efforts that governments and
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00:22:55.319 --> 00:23:00.359
locals make to get rid of those
populations. It's a good episode. If
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00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:07.480
you haven't subscribed, you should okay
shameless plug over. Research efforts began in
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00:23:07.559 --> 00:23:11.920
New Zealand and Australia to harness a
strain of the disease and use it as
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00:23:12.039 --> 00:23:19.319
biocontrol against rabbits. In nineteen ninety
one, r HDV check Reference strain was
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00:23:19.519 --> 00:23:27.519
used to assess the efficacy and host
specificity of the disease. After the Australian
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00:23:27.559 --> 00:23:33.680
authorities approved the use of the strain, it was released in the Wardang Island
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00:23:33.160 --> 00:23:41.559
in Spencer Gulf, South Australia.
Despite strict quarantine measures, the virus made
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00:23:41.559 --> 00:23:45.839
its way to the mainland in nineteen
ninety five. Possibly it was carried by
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00:23:45.880 --> 00:23:51.240
insects or maybe the wind. In
less than two years, it had become
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00:23:51.440 --> 00:24:00.319
endemic across Southern Australia at a rate
of fifty kilometers per week. Areas experienced
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00:24:00.400 --> 00:24:07.319
a ninety five percent reduction in rabbit
populations, particularly in the more arid climates.
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00:24:08.920 --> 00:24:15.319
After careful consideration of the pros and
cons of introducing RDHV to the country,
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00:24:15.680 --> 00:24:22.319
New Zealand decided against it. That
didn't stop local landowners from illegally introducing
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00:24:22.359 --> 00:24:26.839
the virus to the country, though, after studying the carcasses of dead animals,
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00:24:26.960 --> 00:24:30.799
the strain looked a whole lot like
the check strain that had been introduced
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00:24:30.880 --> 00:24:37.400
to Australia. This gave rise to
the suspicion that the virus could have been
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00:24:37.440 --> 00:24:44.480
illegally imported from Australia. One of
the challenges in identifying and naming the virus
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00:24:44.559 --> 00:24:51.440
came from the fact that it can't
be grown in culture. Researchers suspected several
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00:24:51.440 --> 00:24:57.279
different viruses, picornovirus, parvovirus,
and parvo like virus. It was finally
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00:24:57.279 --> 00:25:03.799
assessed in nineteen ninety as a member
of the calisa Veridae family. The first
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00:25:03.839 --> 00:25:10.759
complete genome sequence was obtained in nineteen
ninety one, and this revealed that RHDV
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00:25:11.079 --> 00:25:18.039
was very similar to other callissa Veridae
viruses that were nonpathogenic, But it wasn't
259
00:25:18.119 --> 00:25:25.319
until nineteen ninety seven that the first
phylogenic analysis of RHDV isolates using different locations
260
00:25:25.359 --> 00:25:30.039
and spanning the years from nineteen eighty
seven to nineteen ninety five was performed.
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00:25:30.480 --> 00:25:37.480
All the available information was included in
the study and this led to the identification
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00:25:37.599 --> 00:25:44.400
of three major branches and supported a
high degree of homology between samples. It
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00:25:44.519 --> 00:25:49.000
also showed that there were clusters of
RHDV strains that correlated closer with the year
264
00:25:49.079 --> 00:25:56.759
of isolation, rather than the areas
that they were collected from. Lagal and
265
00:25:56.880 --> 00:26:02.519
his team found this same pattern among
French isolates and further assigned the isolates into
266
00:26:02.599 --> 00:26:08.799
three chronologically established geno groups G one, G two, and G three.
267
00:26:10.359 --> 00:26:14.640
It was later found that France G
one and G two had disappeared and three
268
00:26:14.759 --> 00:26:21.519
new subgroups had appeared. G four
had mutated from G three. G five
269
00:26:21.559 --> 00:26:29.720
and G six were both independent subgroups. G six corresponded to the first antigenic
270
00:26:29.839 --> 00:26:34.839
variant of RHDV, which had been
previously detective by Capucci and his team.
271
00:26:37.119 --> 00:26:45.640
This has since been designated as RhD
V. A vaccine research soon began and
272
00:26:45.680 --> 00:26:52.920
by using monoclonal antibody one H eight, protection could be conferred to experimentally infected
273
00:26:52.000 --> 00:27:00.279
rabbits. So There is a vaccine
against RHDVA, which is the most common
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00:27:00.319 --> 00:27:06.079
type of RHDV. But as we
know, viruses mutate to evade host immunity,
275
00:27:06.440 --> 00:27:15.319
and it's no different with RhD RHDVB
is resistant to the current vaccines and
276
00:27:15.440 --> 00:27:22.000
so it can evade prophylactic measures.
The realization that it kills quickly and without
277
00:27:22.079 --> 00:27:29.960
warning makes it much harder to control. That said, passive immunity can work
278
00:27:29.960 --> 00:27:36.920
in an emergency. Inoculation is achieved
by using hyperimmune anti serum from rabbits who
279
00:27:36.960 --> 00:27:44.519
exhibit very mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. This is not a long term solution
280
00:27:44.559 --> 00:27:48.400
though, As I've discussed in the
past, herd immunity can only be attained
281
00:27:48.480 --> 00:27:56.559
by vaccination. There is no therapy
in place for animals with RHDV. Prevention
282
00:27:56.640 --> 00:28:02.119
and control are the best bets when
it comes to animal survival. If they
283
00:28:02.119 --> 00:28:06.680
don't get it, they can't die
from it. Since there is still no
284
00:28:06.759 --> 00:28:11.079
way to culture this virus, vaccines
are produced from the tissue suspensions of experimentally
285
00:28:11.119 --> 00:28:18.240
infected rabbits, then the virus is
inactivated. Research is ongoing to find a
286
00:28:18.279 --> 00:28:22.799
safer vaccine using recombinant DNA where the
VP sixty protein is produced in E.
287
00:28:22.920 --> 00:28:30.119
Coli, insect cultured cells, yeast
plants, insect larvae, and recombinant animal
288
00:28:30.200 --> 00:28:37.880
derived viruses. Most of these experiments
have been successful, but proper disposal of
289
00:28:37.039 --> 00:28:44.920
unused vaccine and dirty needles is concerning. While the vaccines are using recombinants and
290
00:28:45.160 --> 00:28:49.920
inactivated virus proteins, there is no
guarantee that without proper disposal in place,
291
00:28:51.079 --> 00:28:59.319
that virus couldn't find another host and
become pathogenic. Vaccination and biocontainment are possible
292
00:28:59.359 --> 00:29:03.920
in commercial rabbit trees, but none
of this is practical when we're talking about
293
00:29:03.960 --> 00:29:08.200
wild rabbits. The stress of catching
these animals alone may increase mortality, and
294
00:29:08.359 --> 00:29:12.960
since the immunity from the vaccines wanes
in a year, the treatment would have
295
00:29:14.079 --> 00:29:21.440
to be performed again and again as
we speak. Researchers are exploring vaccine delivery
296
00:29:21.480 --> 00:29:26.480
systems that would be more logistically sound
in wild populations. If the vaccine could
297
00:29:26.480 --> 00:29:30.880
be spread over large swaths of land
where the rabbits could either ingest them or
298
00:29:30.960 --> 00:29:37.440
breathe them in, that would be
the perfect solution, but then we still
299
00:29:37.480 --> 00:29:44.000
have the problem of the vaccine being
unstable. Though I didn't run onto anything,
300
00:29:44.079 --> 00:29:48.119
indicating that they were ongoing studies with
mRNA That would be the best solution
301
00:29:48.160 --> 00:29:55.880
to the problem. Research is currently
being done using RHDV as a cancer and
302
00:29:56.039 --> 00:30:03.359
pathogen treatment in humans. Using genetic
engineering, r hdv VLP have been shown
303
00:30:03.440 --> 00:30:10.440
to efficiently incorporate antigens that might present
to immune cells and to elicit an adequate
304
00:30:10.559 --> 00:30:17.960
cell mediated and humoral immune response.
If this works, it could be easily
305
00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:22.400
reproduced. It would be very inexpensive, and since it's coming from a non
306
00:30:22.480 --> 00:30:32.079
human virus, they're not susceptible to
pre existing neutralizing antibodies. Rabbits are an
307
00:30:32.119 --> 00:30:37.400
important part of the ecosystems that they
inhabit. Without them, many prey animals
308
00:30:37.400 --> 00:30:42.640
wouldn't survive. This disease could kill
off a necessary food source for coyotes,
309
00:30:42.839 --> 00:30:48.319
hawks, eagles, bears, and
other prey animals. Then we have to
310
00:30:48.359 --> 00:30:53.839
wonder if this virus will jump.
It hasn't yet, but it's a fairly
311
00:30:53.960 --> 00:31:00.799
fast mutator, so it could.
That would be disastrous for any animal that
312
00:31:00.880 --> 00:31:08.880
depends on the rabbit as a food
source, including people. Okay, that's
313
00:31:10.079 --> 00:31:15.839
rabbit hammorrhagic disease. Scary stuff.
There was a tweet directed at me from
314
00:31:15.839 --> 00:31:22.400
my friend Anne at Unsolved Virginia.
Apparently several cases of Powassan virus have been
315
00:31:22.400 --> 00:31:27.799
found in Maine this year. This
is a nasty virus that causes encephalopathy,
316
00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:33.960
and well, there's no vaccine nor
treatment. Ticks seem to be everywhere,
317
00:31:34.359 --> 00:31:40.720
so they're hard to avoid. Dat
is a double edged sword. It works
318
00:31:40.759 --> 00:31:44.240
to keep the blood suckers away,
but the long term may be questionable.
319
00:31:45.319 --> 00:31:49.079
Powassan virus is carried by ticks and
is a rare disease that occurs mostly in
320
00:31:49.160 --> 00:31:56.759
the northeast US, Canada and eastern
Russia. I'll be talking a lot about
321
00:31:56.880 --> 00:32:00.440
vector borne diseases in a future season. Maybe will tune that up for season
322
00:32:00.480 --> 00:32:05.559
eight. All I can say is
that the coming plague isn't going to be
323
00:32:05.640 --> 00:32:09.640
vector born. It's going to be
something that's passed as easily as the common
324
00:32:09.720 --> 00:32:17.359
cold. Thanks for giving me the
heads up on pouassan, and so many
325
00:32:17.400 --> 00:32:22.319
of you contacted me this time.
I really appreciate all of you emailing,
326
00:32:22.480 --> 00:32:28.160
facebooking, tweeting, and well those
who know me are texting and calling.
327
00:32:28.920 --> 00:32:34.480
So I'm grateful for all of you. If you would like to contact me.
328
00:32:34.640 --> 00:32:37.200
Please feel free to reach out to
me on the socials, or you
329
00:32:37.240 --> 00:32:42.799
can drop me a line at Jackie
at cause of death one hundred secs dot
330
00:32:42.799 --> 00:32:49.119
net. You can also leave a
message on my website at www. Cause
331
00:32:49.160 --> 00:32:53.039
of Death one hundred secs dot net. Take a look at the show notes
332
00:32:53.079 --> 00:33:00.400
where you'll find this month's sponsor.
I do love True Leaf Market. Arted
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seeds for twenty four different plants and
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They look great now. If I
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replant, I'll be fine. Really, go check out true Leaf Market.
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can also subscribe on Apple Subscriptions for
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to rate, review and subscribe on
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do mean a lot, and every
download, every subscription, every review,
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and every share counts. Thank you
all again, and I'll see you in
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two weeks when I'll be talking about
bats disease and the environment. Until then,
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get out and enjoy the outdoors,
but avoid the those vectors.
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During March of twenty twenty, I
did what so many of us did during
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that time. I took up a
new hobby. I decided that I was
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going to propagate plants. I bought
all kinds of seeds. I had the
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idea that I could grow any kind
of herb that I wanted, and I
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would be able to use these herbs
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them on some amazingly tasty meals.
Well, I failed miserably. I had
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no idea what I was doing,
and most of my plants died. I
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didn't know how to start them correctly, I didn't know how to cut them
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correctly. So there I was with
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and over again, and failing every
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True Leaf offers seed packets, grow
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the same price that I was paying
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about two forty nine and organic seeds
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last fifty years, true Leaf Market
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Remember all those past failures that I had,
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so get your seeds today and have
a great gardening season. My name is
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Keely and I host a true grimin
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takes a special focus on unsolved cases. I'm missing Person's Case. All of
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my truecrime episodes are made and hopes
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who need it most. Most of
these episodes are made in partnership or made
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with the families of the victims and
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content like countings, aliens, and cryptics
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such as the original story of the
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and Warren and Mothman. Truecrime and
paranormal even cross at times to make two
41
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part episodes like The Bobby Mackey Music
World, The Lizzie Bordenhouse, and The
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00:03:34.759 --> 00:03:39.080
Veliska Acts Murder House. Missy Mysteries
is ready to be binge listened to with
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00:03:39.199 --> 00:03:44.960
over fifty episodes anywhere you get your
podcasts. I cannot wait to keep you
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company whenever and wherever you like to
listen to your podcast. Hi, this
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is Kelly and this is Jenna.
We're the hosts of ODFN. That's why
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from Murder. Each week we discuss
a true crime murder case and intertwine our
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00:04:02.719 --> 00:04:06.719
unique sense of dark humor. Each
episode relates to a word starting with the
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letter D. The stories we tell
are serious and true. Our opinions are
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not. But be warned we don't
hold back on the details of the case
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or our inappropriate comments and colorful language. Join us every Monday on your favorite
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podcast provider for a new episode of
ODFM. You're on a full ride scholarship
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00:04:26.759 --> 00:04:31.240
to Hell Dark Cast Network. Come
on over to the dark Side. We're
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really nice people once you get past
the true crime and scary science. Hello,
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and welcome to Cause of Death.
One hundred seconds to midnight. I'm
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your host, Jackie Moranti. I
want to begin this episode by thanking all
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of my long time and new listeners
for stick with this podcast. You are
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the reason that I pour over pages
and pages of white papers and government documents
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so that every two weeks I can
tell you about another disease or another disaster
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that plagues the earth. It's because
of you that I made it to number
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fifty five on the Apple Podcast charts
for Life Sciences in the US. I've
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also stayed at number one on the
Good Pods Life Sciences and Indie Life Sciences
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charts for several weeks now. And
if that wasn't enough, I've hit the
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top five percent in the Listen Notes
charts. All these things mean that the
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podcast will be easier to find for
other listeners. Every chart I make,
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every subscription, every review, they
all count toward making this podcast the first
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thing that comes up when people look
up cause of death in their podcast player.
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It's a big deal, and if
it weren't for all of you,
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I'd just be talking to myself.
So thank you so much for supporting this
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project. If you're new to the
pod, I'm going to ask that you
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don't give up on it. It's
a little technical in the beginning, but
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I promise by the time we get
to the history part of the episode,
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everything will seem a lot clearer.
I also want to say that this is
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not as depressing as it seems.
I won't give your rose colored glasses,
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but I will try to give you
a greater understanding of the things that can
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be done to bring us back from
the brink. I had a couple of
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listener emails after the last show.
My friend and mentor Eric had some very
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kind words for me. I even
got a little misty over this. I
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love that I can have you research
all the stuff that I have questions about.
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I might have to wait a few
months, but you get there,
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and I'm grateful. I'm also pissed
off about the deregulation of trains. Thanks
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so much, Eric, I appreciate
those words, especially coming from you.
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Eric has one of the best true
crime podcasts around. It's called True Consequences.
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I do quite a bit of research
and writing for that show. So
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if you love this one and you
love true crime, go listen to Eric
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and you'll hear more of my research. In writing in those episodes, Jessica
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wrote, are you sure that the
railroads are totally under their own control?
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No one oversees them. There is
no federal agency telling them what they can
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and can't do. Okay, Jessica. Nothing pisses me off more than finding
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out that any entity governs themselves.
That's a golden invitation for corruption. But
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the railroad has been self governed since
the first tracks were laid. That information
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is out there for anyone who looks
for it, and also it's in the
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show notes of the last episode.
Dominic asked, why is it taking so
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long to figure out how these disasters
are affecting ecosystems? Does it really take
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forty years to find out what happened
at Chernobyl? How can they not know
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what happened to the larger wildlife in
Ohio, Okay? So Chernobyl is a
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strange beast. Remember, Russia didn't
immediately tell the rest of the world that
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there was a problem. They tried
to hide the whole incident and clean it
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up on their own. Then the
area around that plant for miles was contaminated,
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and no one knew whether it was
safe to go into that area or
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not. People still don't live in
the sea easy. The immediate effects weren't
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studied until years after the accident,
and that was partly because the Russian government
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wouldn't let anyone in. Even after
the xon Valdis, the effects of that
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spill on wildlife weren't totally appreciated for
years after the spill. It takes several
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generations to see what lasting damage has
been done. The Xon Valdis didn't take
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quite as long as Chernobyl, but
it still took several years to determine which
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species would bounce back and how long
it would take. They also had to
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figure out what long term damage was
done to the food chain. We'll have
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to see what Ohio breaks. That
will depend on how the railroad handles it.
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So far, they've been rather combative
when people come in to do any
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research on the environment. They don't
want the world to know how badly they
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screwed up. My last thanks go
out to those who just rode in to
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say how much they're enjoying the Who's
Who outside of the Zoo season. Some
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of you asked if this would be
the only season an addressing wildlife, and
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the answer to that is no.
At some point I'll do a who's Who
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outside of the zoo too. There's
a lot to talk about when we delve
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into wildlife conservation and the environment.
With that, let's get into rabbit hammorrhagic
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disease. Will begin as usual with
ideology and pathology. Rabbits, hairs,
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and pikas belong to an order of
animals called lagomorphs or order Lagomorpha. Rabbits
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and hairs belong to the family Leporidae, and pikas belong to the family Ochotanidae.
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While rabbits and hairs have long ears, a short tail, and very
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strong hind limbs that give them that
characteristic bounding motion, pikas are smaller.
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They have shorter, rounded ears and
no external tail to speak of, and
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they also have smaller hind limbs that
give them more of a scam bring motion.
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Lagomorphs are small to medium sized herbivores
that tend to live underground. At
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one time, they were included in
the order Rhodentia, since both orders possess
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a set of incisors that grow throughout
their lives. However, lagomorphs also have
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a second pair of incisors that are
set directly behind the growing pair in the
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upper jaw. This trait is specific
to lagomorphs. Now, thanks to species
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gene coating, we know that these
two orders have very distinct and separate evolutionary
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histories. A right, so we're
back to talking about poop for a minute.
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I know, I promised that I
wasn't going to mention poop for a
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while after the restaurant rogue season,
but lagomorphs have a definite poop trait that
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defines them. They produce two kinds
of feces, the solid round droppings that
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we all know is rabbit poob and
softer, grease like pellets. This is
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important to the survival of the order
because the softer feces hold up to five
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times the vitamin content of the hard
feces. These feces are produced in the
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secum and are re ingested so that
the animal can get all the nutrients out
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of the food they eat. The
double digestion process allows the feces to be
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passed through the system twice so that
they can get every bit of the vitamins
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and minerals out of their food.
Of course, rabbits reproduce like well rabbits.
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Many species have several large litters per
year, but there are some species
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that only reproduce once a year and
have very small litters. Rabbits are not
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great moms. They leave their young
for most of the day, only coming
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back to nurse once or twice for
a really short time, but their milk
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is among the richest of any mammal, and their young grow quickly. They
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00:13:07.600 --> 00:13:13.759
generally wean in about a month Rabbits
play an important role in the food chain
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00:13:13.279 --> 00:13:20.080
their food. The average life expectancy
of a wild rabbit is about nine months.
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There are about twenty nine species of
piica. These animals are found in
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the mountains of western North America and
Asia. The two species of North American
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pikas and several of the Asian species
live in rocky habitat so they don't burrow.
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Like rabbits and hairs, there are
around thirty species of hair and twenty
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eight species of rabbit, and they
exist worldwide. Now that we know what
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we're dealing with, let's talk about
the disease that's specific to lagomorphs. Rabbit
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hemorrhagic disease virus. Rabbit hemorrhagic disease
virus is a highly infectious and fatal disease
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of the European rabbit. It belongs
to the lagovirus genus in the Callissaveridae family
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of viruses. It is a non
enveloped, icosahedral, single stranded positive sense
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RNA virus. The virus capsid is
comprised of ninety dimers of a single capsid
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00:14:22.720 --> 00:14:30.200
subunit VP sixty protein. The VP
sixty protein has three domains, an N
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00:14:30.320 --> 00:14:37.440
terminal arm the NTA a shell s
that forms a scaffold which protects the viral
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00:14:37.600 --> 00:14:45.159
RNA, and a flexible protruding domain
P at the capsid surface, which contain
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the determinants for virus host receptor interactions
and antigenic diversity. The P domain can
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00:14:52.600 --> 00:14:58.480
be further divided into P one and
P two subdomains, and the P two
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subdomain is located at the outermost surface
exposed region of the viral capsid. In
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two thousand and ten, a new
RHDV related virus with a distinctive pathogenic profile
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was found in France. This virus
is known as RHDV two or rhdvb,
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and it has rapidly spread throughout domestic
and wild rabbit populations in Italy, Spain,
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Portugal, Germany, the United Kingdom, and the Azores. There are
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several non pathogenic Callisa viruses that are
genetically related, but they're also relatively distant
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from RHDV. The mortality rate of
RHDV is anywhere between eighty to one hundred
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percent. Rabbits are not susceptible to
the virus from birth. They become more
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susceptible as they get older. Susceptibility
begins around five or six weeks and steadily
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increases to the eighth or ninth week
of life when they are fully susceptible.
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This virus can live for weeks outside
of the host and is spread very easily
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00:16:10.080 --> 00:16:15.799
by the fecal, oral, nasal, conjunctival, and parental routes. Animals
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who come to graze where infected animals
have been grazing will generally get the disease.
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It is also spread by vectors such
as fleas flies and mosquitoes. Because
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00:16:29.480 --> 00:16:33.919
the virus is resistant to environmental inactivation, fomites are important in the spread of
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the disease. It also survives for
long periods in infected carcasses. Domestic rabbits
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can get it from hutches where infected
rabbits have previously been housed, and most
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disinfectants won't even touch it. There
are three clinical syndromes seen in RHDV.
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The paracute form is characterized by sudden
death with no clinical symp The acute form
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is characterized by anorexia and depression,
followed by neurological signs respiratory distress, ocular
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00:17:10.000 --> 00:17:18.759
hemorrhage and epistaxis, lymphopenia, and
abnormalities and coagulation are also present in these
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00:17:18.799 --> 00:17:23.359
animals. In the subacute form,
similar signs may be present, but they're
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considerably milder and most of these rabbits
will survive. Hepatic necrosis is consistent through
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the animals that die, and most
experienced disseminated intravascular coagulopathy and thrombosis. One
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00:17:41.279 --> 00:17:45.839
study found that liver cell death is
induced upon infection and is due to apoptosis.
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00:17:47.599 --> 00:17:53.000
This program cell death mainly affects hypotocytes, but macrophages and endothelial cells have
189
00:17:53.160 --> 00:18:03.480
also presented hallmarks of apoptosis. Hypotocyte
apoptosis produced extensive parenchymal destruction that caused the
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00:18:03.640 --> 00:18:10.799
lethal, acute fulminant hepatitis that is
so characteristic of the disease. It's postulated
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00:18:10.839 --> 00:18:15.359
that apoptosis and RhD may be the
determining factor in the development of d C.
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00:18:18.000 --> 00:18:19.839
Let's take a minute to hear from
our sponsors, then I'll be back
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to talk about the history of the
disease. Are you a true crime advocate?
194
00:18:26.359 --> 00:18:32.079
Are you passionate about uncovering the truth
and bringing justice to victims? Do
195
00:18:32.079 --> 00:18:37.039
you love the paranormal and spooky tales? Then you don't want to miss the
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from August twenty fifth to the twenty
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features panel discussions, workshops, live
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and paranormal to the next level.
Use Code Consequences at checkout for fifteen percent
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at checkout for fifteen percent off the
ticket price. Special guests will include Julie
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Murray, Terranewell, and Call your
Landry to name a few. I'll be
206
00:19:37.960 --> 00:19:44.559
there representing another podcast that I'm involved
with, True Consequences. Come by and
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00:19:44.680 --> 00:19:52.400
meet Eric Carter Landin and I We
would love to meet you. Our HD
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00:19:52.680 --> 00:19:59.200
was first reported in China in nineteen
eighty four in the Jane Shue province after
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00:19:59.240 --> 00:20:04.599
a group of commercially bread and gorah
rabbits had been imported from Germany. It's
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00:20:04.640 --> 00:20:10.799
thought that the disease may have started
in Germany and been imported to China,
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00:20:10.880 --> 00:20:15.319
but there were never any reports of
RhD before nineteen eighty four, so it's
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00:20:15.359 --> 00:20:22.920
a chicken and egg story. No
one really knows which came first. However,
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00:20:22.000 --> 00:20:26.640
in less than a year, the
virus had killed one hundred and forty
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00:20:26.680 --> 00:20:32.880
million domestic rabbits in China and had
spread over an area of fifty thousand square
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00:20:32.960 --> 00:20:38.920
kilometers. Korea was the next country
to report the disease after importing rabbit fur
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00:20:40.079 --> 00:20:47.079
from China. Italy saw its first
outbreak in nineteen eighty six. Then it
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00:20:47.200 --> 00:20:53.559
spread to the rest of Europe and
became endemic in several countries. European rabbits
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00:20:53.559 --> 00:21:00.960
originated in the Iberian Peninsula and they
are a key species in the ecosystem,
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00:21:00.960 --> 00:21:06.759
but after the first outbreaks in Spain
and Portugal in nineteen eighty eight and nineteen
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00:21:06.839 --> 00:21:14.079
eighty nine, respectively, there was
a severe reduction in wild populations. North
221
00:21:14.079 --> 00:21:21.160
Africa began to experience RhD outbreaks and
domestic populations around the same time. In
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00:21:21.279 --> 00:21:26.200
nineteen eighty eight, Mexico became the
first country in the Americas to undergo an
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00:21:26.240 --> 00:21:33.039
outbreak of RhD after importing rabbit products
from China. Mexico is the only country
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00:21:33.079 --> 00:21:38.240
to have somehow eradicated the disease,
though the last outbreak there occurred in nineteen
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00:21:38.319 --> 00:21:45.720
ninety two. It's worth noting that
the successful eradication may have been due to
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00:21:45.799 --> 00:21:52.359
the absence of natural populations of wild
European rabbits in that country. North America
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00:21:52.400 --> 00:21:57.559
wouldn't report an outbreak until two thousand
and it has only reported a few outbreaks
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00:21:57.559 --> 00:22:04.240
since the US RhD is considered a
foreign disease and it is reportable to the
229
00:22:04.359 --> 00:22:11.240
USDA should an outbreak occur. The
virus finally made its way to distant regions
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00:22:11.279 --> 00:22:18.920
and was eventually reported in Cuba,
Uruguay, and Reunion Island. In Australia
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and New Zealand, where rabbits are
considered to be agricultural pests and major threats
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00:22:25.480 --> 00:22:30.839
to the endemic wildlife, flora and
fauna, RhD was considered an agent for
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00:22:30.000 --> 00:22:38.599
rabbit control. These countries used biological
warfare against rabbit populations. If you have
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00:22:38.680 --> 00:22:44.079
a subscription to the show you'll get
to hear the episode on the House that
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00:22:44.240 --> 00:22:49.119
Jack built. That episode explains what
happens when feral species are introduced into an
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00:22:49.119 --> 00:22:55.200
area and how they take over.
It also addresses the efforts that governments and
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00:22:55.319 --> 00:23:00.359
locals make to get rid of those
populations. It's a good episode. If
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00:23:00.400 --> 00:23:07.480
you haven't subscribed, you should okay
shameless plug over. Research efforts began in
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00:23:07.559 --> 00:23:11.920
New Zealand and Australia to harness a
strain of the disease and use it as
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00:23:12.039 --> 00:23:19.319
biocontrol against rabbits. In nineteen ninety
one, r HDV check Reference strain was
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used to assess the efficacy and host
specificity of the disease. After the Australian
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authorities approved the use of the strain, it was released in the Wardang Island
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in Spencer Gulf, South Australia.
Despite strict quarantine measures, the virus made
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its way to the mainland in nineteen
ninety five. Possibly it was carried by
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insects or maybe the wind. In
less than two years, it had become
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endemic across Southern Australia at a rate
of fifty kilometers per week. Areas experienced
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a ninety five percent reduction in rabbit
populations, particularly in the more arid climates.
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After careful consideration of the pros and
cons of introducing RDHV to the country,
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New Zealand decided against it. That
didn't stop local landowners from illegally introducing
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the virus to the country, though, after studying the carcasses of dead animals,
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the strain looked a whole lot like
the check strain that had been introduced
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to Australia. This gave rise to
the suspicion that the virus could have been
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illegally imported from Australia. One of
the challenges in identifying and naming the virus
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came from the fact that it can't
be grown in culture. Researchers suspected several
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different viruses, picornovirus, parvovirus,
and parvo like virus. It was finally
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assessed in nineteen ninety as a member
of the calisa Veridae family. The first
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complete genome sequence was obtained in nineteen
ninety one, and this revealed that RHDV
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was very similar to other callissa Veridae
viruses that were nonpathogenic, But it wasn't
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until nineteen ninety seven that the first
phylogenic analysis of RHDV isolates using different locations
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and spanning the years from nineteen eighty
seven to nineteen ninety five was performed.
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All the available information was included in
the study and this led to the identification
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of three major branches and supported a
high degree of homology between samples. It
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also showed that there were clusters of
RHDV strains that correlated closer with the year
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of isolation, rather than the areas
that they were collected from. Lagal and
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his team found this same pattern among
French isolates and further assigned the isolates into
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three chronologically established geno groups G one, G two, and G three.
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It was later found that France G
one and G two had disappeared and three
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new subgroups had appeared. G four
had mutated from G three. G five
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and G six were both independent subgroups. G six corresponded to the first antigenic
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variant of RHDV, which had been
previously detective by Capucci and his team.
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This has since been designated as RhD
V. A vaccine research soon began and
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by using monoclonal antibody one H eight, protection could be conferred to experimentally infected
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rabbits. So There is a vaccine
against RHDVA, which is the most common
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type of RHDV. But as we
know, viruses mutate to evade host immunity,
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and it's no different with RhD RHDVB
is resistant to the current vaccines and
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so it can evade prophylactic measures.
The realization that it kills quickly and without
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warning makes it much harder to control. That said, passive immunity can work
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in an emergency. Inoculation is achieved
by using hyperimmune anti serum from rabbits who
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exhibit very mild symptoms or are asymptomatic. This is not a long term solution
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though, As I've discussed in the
past, herd immunity can only be attained
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by vaccination. There is no therapy
in place for animals with RHDV. Prevention
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00:27:56.640 --> 00:28:02.119
and control are the best bets when
it comes to animal survival. If they
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don't get it, they can't die
from it. Since there is still no
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way to culture this virus, vaccines
are produced from the tissue suspensions of experimentally
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infected rabbits, then the virus is
inactivated. Research is ongoing to find a
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safer vaccine using recombinant DNA where the
VP sixty protein is produced in E.
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Coli, insect cultured cells, yeast
plants, insect larvae, and recombinant animal
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derived viruses. Most of these experiments
have been successful, but proper disposal of
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unused vaccine and dirty needles is concerning. While the vaccines are using recombinants and
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inactivated virus proteins, there is no
guarantee that without proper disposal in place,
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that virus couldn't find another host and
become pathogenic. Vaccination and biocontainment are possible
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in commercial rabbit trees, but none
of this is practical when we're talking about
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wild rabbits. The stress of catching
these animals alone may increase mortality, and
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since the immunity from the vaccines wanes
in a year, the treatment would have
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00:29:14.079 --> 00:29:21.440
to be performed again and again as
we speak. Researchers are exploring vaccine delivery
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systems that would be more logistically sound
in wild populations. If the vaccine could
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be spread over large swaths of land
where the rabbits could either ingest them or
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breathe them in, that would be
the perfect solution, but then we still
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have the problem of the vaccine being
unstable. Though I didn't run onto anything,
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indicating that they were ongoing studies with
mRNA That would be the best solution
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to the problem. Research is currently
being done using RHDV as a cancer and
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pathogen treatment in humans. Using genetic
engineering, r hdv VLP have been shown
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00:30:03.440 --> 00:30:10.440
to efficiently incorporate antigens that might present
to immune cells and to elicit an adequate
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00:30:10.559 --> 00:30:17.960
cell mediated and humoral immune response.
If this works, it could be easily
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00:30:18.000 --> 00:30:22.400
reproduced. It would be very inexpensive, and since it's coming from a non
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00:30:22.480 --> 00:30:32.079
human virus, they're not susceptible to
pre existing neutralizing antibodies. Rabbits are an
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important part of the ecosystems that they
inhabit. Without them, many prey animals
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wouldn't survive. This disease could kill
off a necessary food source for coyotes,
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hawks, eagles, bears, and
other prey animals. Then we have to
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00:30:48.359 --> 00:30:53.839
wonder if this virus will jump.
It hasn't yet, but it's a fairly
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00:30:53.960 --> 00:31:00.799
fast mutator, so it could.
That would be disastrous for any animal that
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00:31:00.880 --> 00:31:08.880
depends on the rabbit as a food
source, including people. Okay, that's
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00:31:10.079 --> 00:31:15.839
rabbit hammorrhagic disease. Scary stuff.
There was a tweet directed at me from
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00:31:15.839 --> 00:31:22.400
my friend Anne at Unsolved Virginia.
Apparently several cases of Powassan virus have been
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00:31:22.400 --> 00:31:27.799
found in Maine this year. This
is a nasty virus that causes encephalopathy,
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00:31:29.039 --> 00:31:33.960
and well, there's no vaccine nor
treatment. Ticks seem to be everywhere,
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so they're hard to avoid. Dat
is a double edged sword. It works
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00:31:40.759 --> 00:31:44.240
to keep the blood suckers away,
but the long term may be questionable.
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00:31:45.319 --> 00:31:49.079
Powassan virus is carried by ticks and
is a rare disease that occurs mostly in
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00:31:49.160 --> 00:31:56.759
the northeast US, Canada and eastern
Russia. I'll be talking a lot about
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00:31:56.880 --> 00:32:00.440
vector borne diseases in a future season. Maybe will tune that up for season
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00:32:00.480 --> 00:32:05.559
eight. All I can say is
that the coming plague isn't going to be
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00:32:05.640 --> 00:32:09.640
vector born. It's going to be
something that's passed as easily as the common
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00:32:09.720 --> 00:32:17.359
cold. Thanks for giving me the
heads up on pouassan, and so many
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00:32:17.400 --> 00:32:22.319
of you contacted me this time.
I really appreciate all of you emailing,
326
00:32:22.480 --> 00:32:28.160
facebooking, tweeting, and well those
who know me are texting and calling.
327
00:32:28.920 --> 00:32:34.480
So I'm grateful for all of you. If you would like to contact me.
328
00:32:34.640 --> 00:32:37.200
Please feel free to reach out to
me on the socials, or you
329
00:32:37.240 --> 00:32:42.799
can drop me a line at Jackie
at cause of death one hundred secs dot
330
00:32:42.799 --> 00:32:49.119
net. You can also leave a
message on my website at www. Cause
331
00:32:49.160 --> 00:32:53.039
of Death one hundred secs dot net. Take a look at the show notes
332
00:32:53.079 --> 00:33:00.400
where you'll find this month's sponsor.
I do love True Leaf Market. Arted
333
00:33:00.480 --> 00:33:05.880
seeds for twenty four different plants and
every single one of them has sprouted.
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00:33:06.359 --> 00:33:09.880
They look great now. If I
can leave them until the third leaf then
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00:33:10.000 --> 00:33:15.240
replant, I'll be fine. Really, go check out true Leaf Market.
336
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I have never been so successful.
Head on over to the Patreon page and
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do mean a lot, and every
download, every subscription, every review,
341
00:33:45.319 --> 00:33:50.799
and every share counts. Thank you
all again, and I'll see you in
342
00:33:50.799 --> 00:33:55.000
two weeks when I'll be talking about
bats disease and the environment. Until then,
343
00:33:57.039 --> 00:34:00.000
get out and enjoy the outdoors,
but avoid the those vectors.
