Feb. 18, 2023
S5 E7: That's a Little Campy: The Story of Campylobacter
Campy Show Notes: Cause of Death has a website! Come visit me at http://www.causeofdeath100secs.net. I also have an email address for the show at https://causeofdeath100secs.net. Feel free to interact with me in either place! I’m going to be doing a...
Campy Show Notes: Cause of Death has a website! Come visit me at www.causeofdeath100secs.net. I also have an email address for the show at Jackie@causeofdeath100secs.net. Feel free to interact with me in either place! I’m going to be doing a special 100 Seconds to Midnight episode in Season 7. I’d like those of you who had experiences growing up during the Cold War to talk about those experiences. If you’d like to be a guest on the show, I can arrange that. If you’d rather just write your stories and send them in, that’s fine, too. I can read them. These stories are important, and they need to be heard. Please participate if you can. You can reach me on the website at www.causeofdeath100secs.net or you can email me at Jackie@causeofdeath100secs.net. My Link Tree can be found at: https://linktr.ee/CauseofDeathpod Etiology and Pathology: https://academic.oup.com/cid/article/32/8/1201/479374 https://www.cdc.gov/campylobacter/technical.html https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/campylobacter https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/books/NBK537033/ https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2627687/pdf/10081669.pdf https://emedicine.medscape.com/article/213720-overview https://www.sciencedirect.com/topics/biochemistry-genetics-and-molecular-biology/campylobacter-jejuni https://www.nature.com/articles/s41579-018-0037-9 https://www.canada.ca/en/public-health/services/laboratory-biosafety-biosecurity/pathogen-safety-data-sheets-risk-assessment/campylobacter-jejuni.html https://www.frontiersin.org/articles/10.3389/fmicb.2011.00200/full https://www.researchgate.net/publication/286562077_The_history_of_Campylobacter_Taxonomy_and_nomenclature https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S1198743X14633528 Darkcast Network – Promo by Yours Truly Podcast Promos: Ye Olde Crime Full Circle – the Podcast Music: There is No Sequel by Philip Ayers You can reach me on: Instagram and FB: @CauseofDeath Twitter: @CauseofDeath10 Please don’t forget to rate and review on any of the platforms found here:
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Dark Cast Network. Come on over
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to talk about our show. Okay, who are we? What do we
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do? I am Martha Madrigal and
I'm Charles Tyson Jr. We are the
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hosts of Full Circle the Podcast.
You are a beautiful white trans woman I
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will take that of a certain age, and you are a gorgeous black cis
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pan man who has shared my life
for ten years and we're engaged. I
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put a ring on it. Yeah, you did put a ring on That's
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a pretty ring too. Now we
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It's true. We talk about LGBTQ issues,
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headlines of the day. We talk
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and music and television and pop culture. And we talk about what it is
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to be black in America and what
it is to be trans in America,
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check us out every Tuesday wherever you
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Charles Tyson Junior and Martha magical and
this is Full Circle the Podcast. Are
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we done now, I think,
so okay. Do you love true crime
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but are looking for something different.
Do you like learning about cases so off
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the wall they can't possibly be true. Do you love history but want to
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hear about what they didn't teach you
in school. Do you like laughing awkwardly
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about cases that are bizarre and a
little strange. Then we have the podcast
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for you. Join me Lindsay and
me Madison for Yield Crime, where we
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discuss the funny, strange, and
obscure crimes of yesteryear. Listen every Wednesday
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wherever you get your podcasts, and
we'll see you next time with another tale
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as Old is Crime. Welcome to
Cause of Death one hundred seconds to midnight.
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I'm your host, Jackie Moranti.
I'm a laborate and I've been a
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lab rat for sixteen years now.
I study infectious disease, chemical warfare,
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and the effects that these things have
on communities. I have a Bachelor of
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Science degree from Colorado State University in
microbiology, immunology, and virology. I
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do this show to bring science to
everyone through the lens of history and my
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personal experiences in the lab. You
do need to know before we dive into
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this week's disease. I want to
catch up on a little world news.
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Some interesting stuff is happening right now. Avian flu has not only made the
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price of chicken and eggs almost triple, but now who and the CDC are
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fearing it may jump to people.
H one N five has hit the US
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chicken farmers so badly that they've seen
a twenty nine percent decrease in marketable birds.
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Epidemiologists have seen it spread from wild
bird populations to farmed minks in other
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countries, so they know that the
virus could be perfectly happy to mutate and
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make its home in a mammalian host. People are indeed mammals flu covid any
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upper respiratory thing, minks are going
to get it. Minks are closely related
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to ferrets, and ferrets are the
model of choice for researching upper respiratory infections.
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Go back and listen to the episode
on av and flu, so you
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know how devastating it could be if
this jumps. We're talking at least a
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forty percent mortality rate. As a
side note to this, covid killed off
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so many ferrets that pet stores quadrupled
their prices after the pandemic was over.
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I went in to buy a pet
ferret and found the little critters had gone
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from eighty dollars to over three hundred
after so many died off during the pandemic.
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In other news, Cameroon and Equatorial
Guinea are both reporting outbreaks of Marburg
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virus. We'll talk a lot more
about Marburg when we get to the season
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on Ebola. These diseases are very
closely related and are both hamorrhagic diseases that
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spread very easily through blood and body
fluids, and they are deadly. There
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is no cure. There's only a
vaccine that's been tested but not proven,
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and very little can be done to
slow or stop the spread. The mortality
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rate for these viruses is roughly sixty
to eighty percent. I'll talk about the
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outbreak in cr leone during twenty sixteen
that killed approximately one hundred thousand people then
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just suddenly stopped. Ebola and Marburg
are some of the scariest things out there
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on the American front. Mississippi has
seen a one thousand percent increase yes,
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I said, a one thousand percent
increase in infants born with congenital syphilis.
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That's a real problem. We haven't
talked about STDs yet, but we'll definitely
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get there. Syphilis is one of
the worst. It's so easy to cure,
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but if you let it go untreated, well, you can pass along
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to your kids. Syphilis can also
cause severe mental illness of left untreated.
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People with untreated tertiary syphlis literally go
insane. It's one of the diseases that
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can cross the blood brain barrier.
Men will know if they have a venereal
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disease. It's pretty hard to miss
the open wounds on the penis, but
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women often don't know since the wounds
are inside the vaginal cavity. They think
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they just have a yeast infection that
won't go away. So Mississippi, maybe
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you better start worrying more about using
condoms than taking ivermectin. It doesn't work
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for syphilis or COVID. Another amazingly
crazy thing that I heard was a commercial
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about monkey pox. The CDC actually
produced a commercial that said only you can
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stop mpox. They then went on
to describe something that sounded oddly like shingles
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to me, something terribly uncomfortable,
but not too serious. They made sure
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to say that it was only spread
by intimate contact, so no worries about
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hugging someone or shaking someone's hand.
I had to listen to this thing a
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couple of times, honestly, mpox. I kept wondering what they were talking
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about. The symptoms didn't help much, and then there was the mode of
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transmission. Okay, I get that
we don't want to promote fear and get
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all hysterical, but could we at
least be honest about this. Monkeypox is
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serious. Historically the mortality rate hung
around eleven percent, not super high,
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but high enough that people should be
concerned. No one knows how many asymptomatic
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cases there are or what that looks
like. Yes, it does resemble shingles,
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a very painful rash, blisters,
fever. All that monkeypox isn't the
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primary cause of death after infection,
bacterial superinfection is certainly secondary. And the
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idea that she can only get it
from having sex, let's not go there.
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There does have to be contact,
but yes, you can get monkeypox
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through casual contact. Now do we
need a panic? Now? I'll certainly
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tell you when you need a panic, But please, let's not do with
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this what we did with COVID and
make it out to be a minor cold
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when we all know that. Firstly, secondary disease is a cause of death,
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and people do die. Secondly,
it can be spread through casual contact
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if the situation is right. Take
an open wound on someone's hand when they
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shake the infected person's hand, contact
with the blisters a rash is what passes
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it. Thirdly, as we've seen
up close and personal lately, viruses mutate.
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Sometimes they become particularly virulent. So
even if this strain is not horribly
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virulent, the next one may be. Don't pan it, but be smart
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about this. I'll talk about it
all, but there is just so much
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to talk about. I will never
run out of material. Today we're talking
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about the third food borne disease in
season five, restaurant Rogues. I lie
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d. Last time I said it
would be salmonella, but I already talked
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about that. We talked about typhoid
Mary. I could have talked about salmonella
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and tereca, but really, how
much do you want to hear about the
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same eediology and pathology? So I
change my mind yet again, and we're
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talking about Campelobacter. Campelobacter to juni
is a small point two to point eight
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micrometer in width by point five to
five micrometers in length gram negative curved or
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spiral shaped Bacillus species. It is
motile, having either unipolar or bipolar flagelli.
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Its movement is described as a corkscrew
behavior. Caterpiliobacters belong to the family
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Campiobacter bacteriacea. There are only two
genera in this family, Campiobacter and Arcobacter,
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and both can affect humans and domestic
animals. They obtain energy from amino
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acids or from tricarbacilic acid cycle intermediates. Caliobacter Ja juni hydrolyzes hipperate, indoxyl
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acetate and reduces nitrate. It's a
very slow growing bacterium, usually taking about
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seventy two to ninety six hours.
It grows best at forty two degrees celsius.
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The infection is generally self limiting and
is characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea,
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and fever. Most of the time, the diarrhea is loose and watery
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or grossly bloody. When the illness
is that its peak, a patient can
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experience eight to ten bowel movements a
day. Campy, as we so enduringly
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call it, can resolve in about
a week without treatment, but sometimes will
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reoccur and last several weeks. About
fifty percent of patients are asymptomatic. Long
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term illness can occur with CAMPY.
Many patients will suffer coleosistitis, pancreatitis,
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and periatonitis. In extreme cases,
gastron testinal hemorrhage can occur. More rarely,
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meningitis and acarditis, septic arthritis,
osteomyelitis, and neonatal septis can be
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factors. This disease will more often
strike the very young, the very old,
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and those who are immuno compromised.
The mortality rate for CAMPY is very
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very low. About five and every
ten thousand patients will die of sepsies.
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Guilian Barr's syndrome is the most common
complication of campy infections. This is an
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acute demilinating disease of the peripheral nervous
system. About thirty percent of patients will
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experience GBS after recovering from CAMPY.
I'll talk about GBS in a future episode,
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so I'm not going to go too
far into the weeds with it this
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time. Most food born infections are
reportable. CAMPY is no different. This
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became a reportable disease in the early
nineteen eighties. This doesn't mean that the
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incidents numbers are always accurate. Though
most doctors don't even think about testing for
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campy. They move right to shigella
or salmonella when they test for food born
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infections, even though campy is detected
more often than either salmonella or shigella.
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Currently, only one and thirty eight
cases of campy are reported simply because no
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one thinks to test for it.
Okay, let's talk about how this is
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spread. Consuming undercooked chicken or poor
handling are the single most important route for
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campy infections in the industrialized nations.
Chickens carry campy and salmonella fun fat.
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One drop of raw chicken juice can
carry as many as five hundred infectious organisms.
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That is more than enough to make
someone severely ill. Sometimes, even
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good hand washing practices and careful attention
to cross contamination through surfaces isn't enough to
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keep the disease from spreading. Heat
does kill campy, So good news is
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that we don't have to swear off
chicken to avoid it, but up those
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clean kitchen practices. Unpasteurized milk is
another frequent source of infection. There is
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a very good reason that it's illegal
to purchase unpasteurized milk or juice from the
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grocery store. Other sources of infection
include undercooked sausages or red meat, contaminated
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water, contact with hats, especially
birds and cats, and international travel.
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So on a side note here,
I once had a microbiology professor who swore
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that cats were going to be the
death of us all. She was convinced
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that cats carried every disease on the
planet and spread them around willingly to everyone.
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On one hand, this was hilariously
funny to me, but the more
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I studied micro the more I realized
that cats do carry an abundance of diseases.
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After a few seasons, the most
dedicated people who listen to me will
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be giving them meal machines. The
side eye all right. Back to campy.
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Campy infections are very common in the
developing world, especially among children under
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the age of two years old.
There are more asymptomatic infections in the developing
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world. Asymptomatic cases are extremely rare
in industrialized countries. In developing countries,
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outbreaks are rare, and the disease
doesn't follow the seasons the same way.
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It does in developing countries. As
I said, the disease is mostly self
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limiting, so antibiotics are not normally
recommended. There are exceptions to the rule,
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though, If the disease causes an
extremely high fever, bloody stools,
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or the illness lasts more than one
week, then antibiotics are recommended. They
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are also recommended in cases where the
patient is pregnant, has HIV, or
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any other immunocompromising illness. At one
time, flora quinolones were the drug of
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choice. Flora Quinolones were a great, broad spectrum antibiotic that could knock out
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any food borne infection, so doctors
would prescribe them and get a patient on
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the road to recovery without waiting on
a lab result. However, in recent
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years, the disease has become increasingly
resistance to flora quinolones, so there's that
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these days, Areythromyacin is the drug
of choice to combat campy infections. Now,
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let's talk a little bit about the
history of campy. It's pretty short,
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but it's rather interesting. Theodore es
Rich, who made all kinds of
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enteric bacterial diseases his study of choice, first described campolobacter in eighteen eighty six,
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he published a series of articles called
mu Quinchner menzinch Houshencrift. In these
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articles, he described a spiral bacteria
that he had isolated from the colons of
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children who had died of something he
called cholera infantum. He tried to plate
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the bacterium and grow it, but
he couldn't get it to grow, so
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instead he studied the stool samples themselves
under a microscope. He saw the spiral
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organisms, but he thought that they
didn't play a role in the cause of
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disease. His work remained unknown until
nineteen eighty five, when a researcher named
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Kissed reported Ashrich's findings at the third
International capliobacter Workshop. In nineteen o nine,
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mcfaddien and Stockman, two veterinary surgeons, were studying spontaneous abortion in sheep.
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They reported an unknown bacterium that resembled
Vibrio that had been isolated from the
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fetuses. Smith, another veterinarian,
studied infectious abortions in cattle in nineteen nineteen
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in the US. He referred to
it as Bacillus of Bang and described it
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as a spirillum. While he was
working on his observations, he became acquainted
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with the work of McFadden and Stockman
and thought that they may have been studying
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the same bacteria. He then proposed
the name Vibrio fetus for the disease.
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In nineteen forty nine, Stanega and
Terpstra demonstrated the role that V. Fetus
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fenerrealis was having on cattle. In
their study, they found that this disease
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was passed through the breeding chain and
caused sterility. By the time nineteen fifty
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nine rolled around, Florent found that
there were two types of V. Fetus.
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V. Fetus feneralis caused sterility and
V. Fetus intestinalis caused diarrhea or
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what some ranchers call scours. V
Fetus intestinalis had been around forever, and
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Frank it's still around. Ranchers battle
scours and calves every calving season. In
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nineteen thirty one, Jones attributed the
winter scours, which is just another name
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for dysentery, to infection with a
Vibrio infection that they called Fibrio jijuni.
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Doyle would go on to describe the
same bacterium associated with swine dysentery in nineteen
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forty four In nineteen forty seven,
Vincent isolated V. Fetus from the blood
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of three pregnant women. These women
had been admitted to the hospital because they
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were spiking fevers and no one could
figure out why. The illness lasted about
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four weeks, and during that time
two of the three women miscarried. When
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the placenta was examined, large necrotic
inflammatory areas were found. The most well
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documented case of human Capito bacter took
place in Illinois of nineteen thirty eight,
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when three hundred and fifty five inmates
at two institutions became ill with campy.
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Pasteurization had been a thing since the
eighteen seventies, and by nineteen seventeen laws
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were in place to ensure that milk
would be pasteurized before it became available to
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the public. But well in nineteen
thirty eight, people who were institutionalized didn't
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get the same treatment that everyone else
got, and this outbreak was milk related.
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Fecal cultures from seventy three patients at
the institution showed negative results, but
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the microscopy was a positive. In
thirty one cases, organisms resembling Vjjuni were
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grown in blood cultures of thirteen of
these patients. In nineteen fifty seven,
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King described Vibrio as having several characteristics
in common with the bacterium that Vincent had
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studied years before. The bacterium looked
like a Vibrio species, but these had
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different biochemical and antigetic properties, so
King called them Vibrio related. Even in
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nineteen seventy two, this bacteria was
hard to isolate and grow. There was
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no augur that could ensure the growth
of this particular species of Vibrio. Sebald
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and Vron finally found that if the
bacterium were to be isolated, it had
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to be taken from blood, not
feces. This gave rise to the idea
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00:21:33.319 --> 00:21:37.799
that this was not a Fibrio or
a Vibrio like species at all. They
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00:21:37.839 --> 00:21:44.200
renamed the bacteria campeleobacter since they didn't
think that it was that closely related to
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00:21:44.319 --> 00:21:48.640
vibriospecies. King believed that this infection
was more common than reports led to anyone
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00:21:48.680 --> 00:21:52.680
to believe, and she was dedicated
to finding a way to isolate it from
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feces. While she wouldn't see that
done in her lifetime, she would be
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00:21:57.160 --> 00:22:03.960
a driving force behind more recent search. Then, on July nineteen sixty eight,
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00:22:03.000 --> 00:22:07.759
a twenty year old female was admitted
to Saint Peter University Hospital in Brussels.
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She presented with severe diarrhea and a
high fever. There seemed to be
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00:22:15.079 --> 00:22:21.480
no underlying pathology that would cause this
disease. The cause was found to be
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00:22:21.839 --> 00:22:26.720
vibriorelated or camping a bacter ju juni
as it was becoming known, and after
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00:22:26.759 --> 00:22:33.039
isolating the bacterium for blood, the
feces were sent through a special filtration technique.
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00:22:33.200 --> 00:22:40.839
This technique consisted of differential filtration of
fecal suspensions through several point six five
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00:22:41.079 --> 00:22:47.640
micrometer filters. This would allow the
bacterium to pass through, but would hold
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00:22:47.680 --> 00:22:55.160
back everything else. This filtrait was
then plated on selective medium. No other
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00:22:55.359 --> 00:23:00.480
enteric pathogens were isolated from this patient. This culture demonstrated intestinal infection as the
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00:23:00.519 --> 00:23:08.160
cause of bacteremia. This first case
encouraged Butler and Decazir to take up the
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00:23:08.240 --> 00:23:15.400
torch with research into campy. They
began by researching for the bacterium in the
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stools of healthy patients, then in
stools with patients with diarrhea. They also
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began looking for certain serum antibodies and
they were looking for a cure. They
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00:23:29.480 --> 00:23:33.960
began by exploring siege of juni and
se coli resistance to several antibiotics, and
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00:23:34.079 --> 00:23:42.880
they found that erethermiasin won out.
Erethermiasin had no effect on common intestinal pathogens,
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00:23:44.319 --> 00:23:49.559
but it would certainly wipe out campy. Researchers began tracing campy infections around
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the world and they found it was
a global scourge. In nineteen seventy nine,
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the first full account of campy infections
in Man was published, and during
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00:24:00.519 --> 00:24:07.440
the nineteen eighties sterotyping techniques became more
refined. Fluoroquinolones such as ciproflaxin were used
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00:24:07.480 --> 00:24:15.200
for years and they were very successful
against campy infections, but then chicken farmers
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00:24:15.240 --> 00:24:19.480
around the world began using ciproflaxen as
a prophylactic against the disease. In the
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00:24:19.559 --> 00:24:26.039
nineteen eighties, as chickens began being
fed the antibiotic on the daily, resistance
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00:24:26.079 --> 00:24:32.119
to the drug arose, and now
there are several strains that are resistant to
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00:24:32.279 --> 00:24:37.720
fluoroquinolones. There's been no resistance so
far to urethramyacins, so there is still
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00:24:37.799 --> 00:24:42.720
something to fall back on. But
resistance does happen when antibiotics are used as
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00:24:42.759 --> 00:24:49.759
prophylactics rather than cures. Drug resistance
is caused by several factors, and we
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00:24:49.839 --> 00:24:56.000
will talk about all of them in
an upcoming episode. It's a huge problem
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00:24:56.400 --> 00:25:00.920
since many gold standard drugs are becoming
obsolete due to drug resistance, and cocktails
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are becoming more and more necessary.
Okay, so that's campy. It's a
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nasty one, for sure. We
have one more disease to talk about in
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00:25:19.440 --> 00:25:23.119
this series, but before we do
that, I'm going to do a one
254
00:25:23.200 --> 00:25:29.920
hundred seconds to Midnight episode on misinformation
campaigns. After that, I'll tell you
255
00:25:29.960 --> 00:25:34.440
all about botulism. Then I'll talk
about the difference between food poisoning and food
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00:25:34.440 --> 00:25:44.079
intoxication. Then we will dive in
to season six, Who's Who Outside of
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00:25:44.119 --> 00:25:48.960
the Zoo. I am super excited
for that season. I love talking about
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00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:55.960
wildlife. I want to thank everyone
for listening to Cause of Death one hundred
259
00:25:55.960 --> 00:26:00.160
seconds to Midnight. I especially want
to thank those who contacted me after the
260
00:26:00.240 --> 00:26:03.920
last show to tell me how much
they liked it. I've heard from so
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00:26:04.119 --> 00:26:10.839
many of you, and I was
absolutely overwhelmed. So many shared stories about
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00:26:10.839 --> 00:26:15.640
growing up close to a nuclear facility. I loved hearing your stories. That
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00:26:15.839 --> 00:26:21.200
said, I'm extending an invitation for
those of you who have stories to tell
264
00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:25.400
them on an upcoming episode. If
you want to be a guest, that
265
00:26:25.440 --> 00:26:30.240
would be amazing. I can arrange
that. If you'd rather write your story
266
00:26:30.279 --> 00:26:33.319
in an email and have me read
it, I can do that too.
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00:26:33.839 --> 00:26:38.279
But I'd love to share these stories. If you'd like to participate in that
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00:26:38.319 --> 00:26:42.920
episode, please drop me a line
at Jackie at cause of Death one hundred
269
00:26:42.920 --> 00:26:48.480
sex dot net. You can also
leave a voicemail or a message on the
270
00:26:48.519 --> 00:26:56.000
website at www. Cause of Death
one hundred sex dot net. I wanted
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00:26:56.079 --> 00:27:00.480
to also ask all of you who
actually read through the links in the show
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00:27:00.519 --> 00:27:04.799
notes to keep an eye out for
broken links. If you click on something
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00:27:04.839 --> 00:27:07.640
that doesn't take you to a website, would you please let me know.
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00:27:10.039 --> 00:27:12.759
I really want to make sure that
you're getting all the papers and all the
275
00:27:12.839 --> 00:27:18.400
information that I had when I wrote
the script. I have a Patreon page
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00:27:18.440 --> 00:27:22.119
where you can listen to episodes that
follow outside of the scope of the normal
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00:27:22.160 --> 00:27:26.720
feed. I'm going to be dropping
one soon on the distillation of liquor during
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00:27:26.759 --> 00:27:33.119
prohibition and doing a comparison with drugs
that showed up recently in truck stops,
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00:27:33.160 --> 00:27:37.200
things like bath salts and spice.
I would love to have more Patreon members.
280
00:27:37.400 --> 00:27:41.839
It's a great place to engage and
membership, either in Patreon or on
281
00:27:41.880 --> 00:27:51.640
Apple subscriptions, really does help the
show. Check the show notes for a
282
00:27:51.680 --> 00:27:55.319
link to my Patreon page, where
there are several levels that will give you
283
00:27:55.400 --> 00:28:00.000
access to bonus content, merch scripts, outtakes, and a bunch of other
284
00:28:00.079 --> 00:28:07.400
stuff by becoming a member. I'll
see you in two weeks, and until
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00:28:07.480 --> 00:28:10.480
then, don't eat anything I wouldn't
eat.
1
00:00:00.120 --> 00:00:03.439
Dark Cast Network. Come on over
to the dark Side. We're really nice
2
00:00:03.480 --> 00:00:07.120
people. Once you get past the
true crime and scary science, we have
3
00:00:07.240 --> 00:00:11.320
to talk about our show. Okay, who are we? What do we
4
00:00:11.400 --> 00:00:16.960
do? I am Martha Madrigal and
I'm Charles Tyson Jr. We are the
5
00:00:17.000 --> 00:00:23.480
hosts of Full Circle the Podcast.
You are a beautiful white trans woman I
6
00:00:23.519 --> 00:00:31.440
will take that of a certain age, and you are a gorgeous black cis
7
00:00:31.600 --> 00:00:36.960
pan man who has shared my life
for ten years and we're engaged. I
8
00:00:37.000 --> 00:00:39.280
put a ring on it. Yeah, you did put a ring on That's
9
00:00:39.280 --> 00:00:43.560
a pretty ring too. Now we
have a podcast. Yeah, there's not
10
00:00:43.640 --> 00:00:47.280
much we don't talk about here,
It's true. We talk about LGBTQ issues,
11
00:00:47.479 --> 00:00:51.320
headlines of the day. We talk
about fun things too, like movies
12
00:00:51.359 --> 00:00:56.000
and music and television and pop culture. And we talk about what it is
13
00:00:56.039 --> 00:00:59.119
to be black in America and what
it is to be trans in America,
14
00:00:59.119 --> 00:01:03.439
and now those things intersect and collide
and child it gets interested and you can
15
00:01:03.560 --> 00:01:08.760
check us out every Tuesday wherever you
get your podcasts, because once again where
16
00:01:08.920 --> 00:01:15.560
Charles Tyson Junior and Martha magical and
this is Full Circle the Podcast. Are
17
00:01:15.599 --> 00:01:23.359
we done now, I think,
so okay. Do you love true crime
18
00:01:23.519 --> 00:01:27.120
but are looking for something different.
Do you like learning about cases so off
19
00:01:27.120 --> 00:01:32.879
the wall they can't possibly be true. Do you love history but want to
20
00:01:32.920 --> 00:01:37.319
hear about what they didn't teach you
in school. Do you like laughing awkwardly
21
00:01:37.359 --> 00:01:42.359
about cases that are bizarre and a
little strange. Then we have the podcast
22
00:01:42.480 --> 00:01:49.040
for you. Join me Lindsay and
me Madison for Yield Crime, where we
23
00:01:49.079 --> 00:01:55.239
discuss the funny, strange, and
obscure crimes of yesteryear. Listen every Wednesday
24
00:01:55.359 --> 00:02:00.400
wherever you get your podcasts, and
we'll see you next time with another tale
25
00:02:00.799 --> 00:02:17.120
as Old is Crime. Welcome to
Cause of Death one hundred seconds to midnight.
26
00:02:17.719 --> 00:02:23.400
I'm your host, Jackie Moranti.
I'm a laborate and I've been a
27
00:02:23.479 --> 00:02:30.599
lab rat for sixteen years now.
I study infectious disease, chemical warfare,
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00:02:30.719 --> 00:02:34.919
and the effects that these things have
on communities. I have a Bachelor of
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00:02:35.039 --> 00:02:42.120
Science degree from Colorado State University in
microbiology, immunology, and virology. I
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00:02:42.280 --> 00:02:46.599
do this show to bring science to
everyone through the lens of history and my
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00:02:46.680 --> 00:02:53.919
personal experiences in the lab. You
do need to know before we dive into
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00:02:53.960 --> 00:02:57.520
this week's disease. I want to
catch up on a little world news.
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00:02:57.520 --> 00:03:01.759
Some interesting stuff is happening right now. Avian flu has not only made the
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00:03:01.759 --> 00:03:07.719
price of chicken and eggs almost triple, but now who and the CDC are
35
00:03:07.800 --> 00:03:12.759
fearing it may jump to people.
H one N five has hit the US
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00:03:12.919 --> 00:03:17.000
chicken farmers so badly that they've seen
a twenty nine percent decrease in marketable birds.
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00:03:19.159 --> 00:03:23.599
Epidemiologists have seen it spread from wild
bird populations to farmed minks in other
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00:03:23.680 --> 00:03:29.199
countries, so they know that the
virus could be perfectly happy to mutate and
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00:03:29.319 --> 00:03:38.520
make its home in a mammalian host. People are indeed mammals flu covid any
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00:03:38.560 --> 00:03:43.000
upper respiratory thing, minks are going
to get it. Minks are closely related
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00:03:43.000 --> 00:03:47.120
to ferrets, and ferrets are the
model of choice for researching upper respiratory infections.
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00:03:49.800 --> 00:03:52.680
Go back and listen to the episode
on av and flu, so you
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00:03:52.759 --> 00:03:57.120
know how devastating it could be if
this jumps. We're talking at least a
44
00:03:57.319 --> 00:04:02.000
forty percent mortality rate. As a
side note to this, covid killed off
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00:04:02.039 --> 00:04:06.759
so many ferrets that pet stores quadrupled
their prices after the pandemic was over.
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00:04:08.759 --> 00:04:12.639
I went in to buy a pet
ferret and found the little critters had gone
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00:04:12.680 --> 00:04:16.560
from eighty dollars to over three hundred
after so many died off during the pandemic.
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In other news, Cameroon and Equatorial
Guinea are both reporting outbreaks of Marburg
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virus. We'll talk a lot more
about Marburg when we get to the season
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00:04:29.160 --> 00:04:35.040
on Ebola. These diseases are very
closely related and are both hamorrhagic diseases that
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spread very easily through blood and body
fluids, and they are deadly. There
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is no cure. There's only a
vaccine that's been tested but not proven,
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and very little can be done to
slow or stop the spread. The mortality
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rate for these viruses is roughly sixty
to eighty percent. I'll talk about the
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outbreak in cr leone during twenty sixteen
that killed approximately one hundred thousand people then
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00:05:05.079 --> 00:05:12.639
just suddenly stopped. Ebola and Marburg
are some of the scariest things out there
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on the American front. Mississippi has
seen a one thousand percent increase yes,
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I said, a one thousand percent
increase in infants born with congenital syphilis.
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That's a real problem. We haven't
talked about STDs yet, but we'll definitely
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get there. Syphilis is one of
the worst. It's so easy to cure,
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but if you let it go untreated, well, you can pass along
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to your kids. Syphilis can also
cause severe mental illness of left untreated.
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People with untreated tertiary syphlis literally go
insane. It's one of the diseases that
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can cross the blood brain barrier.
Men will know if they have a venereal
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disease. It's pretty hard to miss
the open wounds on the penis, but
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women often don't know since the wounds
are inside the vaginal cavity. They think
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they just have a yeast infection that
won't go away. So Mississippi, maybe
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you better start worrying more about using
condoms than taking ivermectin. It doesn't work
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for syphilis or COVID. Another amazingly
crazy thing that I heard was a commercial
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about monkey pox. The CDC actually
produced a commercial that said only you can
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stop mpox. They then went on
to describe something that sounded oddly like shingles
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to me, something terribly uncomfortable,
but not too serious. They made sure
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to say that it was only spread
by intimate contact, so no worries about
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hugging someone or shaking someone's hand.
I had to listen to this thing a
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couple of times, honestly, mpox. I kept wondering what they were talking
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about. The symptoms didn't help much, and then there was the mode of
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transmission. Okay, I get that
we don't want to promote fear and get
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all hysterical, but could we at
least be honest about this. Monkeypox is
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serious. Historically the mortality rate hung
around eleven percent, not super high,
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00:07:34.120 --> 00:07:40.480
but high enough that people should be
concerned. No one knows how many asymptomatic
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cases there are or what that looks
like. Yes, it does resemble shingles,
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a very painful rash, blisters,
fever. All that monkeypox isn't the
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primary cause of death after infection,
bacterial superinfection is certainly secondary. And the
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idea that she can only get it
from having sex, let's not go there.
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00:08:05.399 --> 00:08:07.839
There does have to be contact,
but yes, you can get monkeypox
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through casual contact. Now do we
need a panic? Now? I'll certainly
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tell you when you need a panic, But please, let's not do with
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this what we did with COVID and
make it out to be a minor cold
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when we all know that. Firstly, secondary disease is a cause of death,
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and people do die. Secondly,
it can be spread through casual contact
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if the situation is right. Take
an open wound on someone's hand when they
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shake the infected person's hand, contact
with the blisters a rash is what passes
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it. Thirdly, as we've seen
up close and personal lately, viruses mutate.
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Sometimes they become particularly virulent. So
even if this strain is not horribly
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virulent, the next one may be. Don't pan it, but be smart
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00:09:01.679 --> 00:09:07.799
about this. I'll talk about it
all, but there is just so much
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00:09:07.840 --> 00:09:15.519
to talk about. I will never
run out of material. Today we're talking
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about the third food borne disease in
season five, restaurant Rogues. I lie
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d. Last time I said it
would be salmonella, but I already talked
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about that. We talked about typhoid
Mary. I could have talked about salmonella
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and tereca, but really, how
much do you want to hear about the
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same eediology and pathology? So I
change my mind yet again, and we're
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talking about Campelobacter. Campelobacter to juni
is a small point two to point eight
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micrometer in width by point five to
five micrometers in length gram negative curved or
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spiral shaped Bacillus species. It is
motile, having either unipolar or bipolar flagelli.
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Its movement is described as a corkscrew
behavior. Caterpiliobacters belong to the family
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Campiobacter bacteriacea. There are only two
genera in this family, Campiobacter and Arcobacter,
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and both can affect humans and domestic
animals. They obtain energy from amino
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acids or from tricarbacilic acid cycle intermediates. Caliobacter Ja juni hydrolyzes hipperate, indoxyl
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acetate and reduces nitrate. It's a
very slow growing bacterium, usually taking about
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seventy two to ninety six hours.
It grows best at forty two degrees celsius.
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The infection is generally self limiting and
is characterized by abdominal cramps, diarrhea,
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and fever. Most of the time, the diarrhea is loose and watery
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or grossly bloody. When the illness
is that its peak, a patient can
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experience eight to ten bowel movements a
day. Campy, as we so enduringly
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call it, can resolve in about
a week without treatment, but sometimes will
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reoccur and last several weeks. About
fifty percent of patients are asymptomatic. Long
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term illness can occur with CAMPY.
Many patients will suffer coleosistitis, pancreatitis,
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and periatonitis. In extreme cases,
gastron testinal hemorrhage can occur. More rarely,
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meningitis and acarditis, septic arthritis,
osteomyelitis, and neonatal septis can be
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factors. This disease will more often
strike the very young, the very old,
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and those who are immuno compromised.
The mortality rate for CAMPY is very
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very low. About five and every
ten thousand patients will die of sepsies.
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Guilian Barr's syndrome is the most common
complication of campy infections. This is an
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acute demilinating disease of the peripheral nervous
system. About thirty percent of patients will
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experience GBS after recovering from CAMPY.
I'll talk about GBS in a future episode,
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so I'm not going to go too
far into the weeds with it this
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time. Most food born infections are
reportable. CAMPY is no different. This
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became a reportable disease in the early
nineteen eighties. This doesn't mean that the
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incidents numbers are always accurate. Though
most doctors don't even think about testing for
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campy. They move right to shigella
or salmonella when they test for food born
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infections, even though campy is detected
more often than either salmonella or shigella.
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Currently, only one and thirty eight
cases of campy are reported simply because no
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one thinks to test for it.
Okay, let's talk about how this is
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spread. Consuming undercooked chicken or poor
handling are the single most important route for
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campy infections in the industrialized nations.
Chickens carry campy and salmonella fun fat.
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One drop of raw chicken juice can
carry as many as five hundred infectious organisms.
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That is more than enough to make
someone severely ill. Sometimes, even
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good hand washing practices and careful attention
to cross contamination through surfaces isn't enough to
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keep the disease from spreading. Heat
does kill campy, So good news is
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that we don't have to swear off
chicken to avoid it, but up those
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clean kitchen practices. Unpasteurized milk is
another frequent source of infection. There is
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a very good reason that it's illegal
to purchase unpasteurized milk or juice from the
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grocery store. Other sources of infection
include undercooked sausages or red meat, contaminated
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water, contact with hats, especially
birds and cats, and international travel.
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So on a side note here,
I once had a microbiology professor who swore
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that cats were going to be the
death of us all. She was convinced
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that cats carried every disease on the
planet and spread them around willingly to everyone.
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On one hand, this was hilariously
funny to me, but the more
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I studied micro the more I realized
that cats do carry an abundance of diseases.
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After a few seasons, the most
dedicated people who listen to me will
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be giving them meal machines. The
side eye all right. Back to campy.
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Campy infections are very common in the
developing world, especially among children under
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the age of two years old.
There are more asymptomatic infections in the developing
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world. Asymptomatic cases are extremely rare
in industrialized countries. In developing countries,
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outbreaks are rare, and the disease
doesn't follow the seasons the same way.
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It does in developing countries. As
I said, the disease is mostly self
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limiting, so antibiotics are not normally
recommended. There are exceptions to the rule,
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though, If the disease causes an
extremely high fever, bloody stools,
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or the illness lasts more than one
week, then antibiotics are recommended. They
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are also recommended in cases where the
patient is pregnant, has HIV, or
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any other immunocompromising illness. At one
time, flora quinolones were the drug of
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choice. Flora Quinolones were a great, broad spectrum antibiotic that could knock out
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any food borne infection, so doctors
would prescribe them and get a patient on
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the road to recovery without waiting on
a lab result. However, in recent
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years, the disease has become increasingly
resistance to flora quinolones, so there's that
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these days, Areythromyacin is the drug
of choice to combat campy infections. Now,
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let's talk a little bit about the
history of campy. It's pretty short,
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but it's rather interesting. Theodore es
Rich, who made all kinds of
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enteric bacterial diseases his study of choice, first described campolobacter in eighteen eighty six,
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he published a series of articles called
mu Quinchner menzinch Houshencrift. In these
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articles, he described a spiral bacteria
that he had isolated from the colons of
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children who had died of something he
called cholera infantum. He tried to plate
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the bacterium and grow it, but
he couldn't get it to grow, so
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instead he studied the stool samples themselves
under a microscope. He saw the spiral
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organisms, but he thought that they
didn't play a role in the cause of
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disease. His work remained unknown until
nineteen eighty five, when a researcher named
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Kissed reported Ashrich's findings at the third
International capliobacter Workshop. In nineteen o nine,
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mcfaddien and Stockman, two veterinary surgeons, were studying spontaneous abortion in sheep.
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They reported an unknown bacterium that resembled
Vibrio that had been isolated from the
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fetuses. Smith, another veterinarian,
studied infectious abortions in cattle in nineteen nineteen
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in the US. He referred to
it as Bacillus of Bang and described it
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as a spirillum. While he was
working on his observations, he became acquainted
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with the work of McFadden and Stockman
and thought that they may have been studying
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the same bacteria. He then proposed
the name Vibrio fetus for the disease.
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In nineteen forty nine, Stanega and
Terpstra demonstrated the role that V. Fetus
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fenerrealis was having on cattle. In
their study, they found that this disease
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was passed through the breeding chain and
caused sterility. By the time nineteen fifty
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nine rolled around, Florent found that
there were two types of V. Fetus.
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V. Fetus feneralis caused sterility and
V. Fetus intestinalis caused diarrhea or
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what some ranchers call scours. V
Fetus intestinalis had been around forever, and
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Frank it's still around. Ranchers battle
scours and calves every calving season. In
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nineteen thirty one, Jones attributed the
winter scours, which is just another name
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for dysentery, to infection with a
Vibrio infection that they called Fibrio jijuni.
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Doyle would go on to describe the
same bacterium associated with swine dysentery in nineteen
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forty four In nineteen forty seven,
Vincent isolated V. Fetus from the blood
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of three pregnant women. These women
had been admitted to the hospital because they
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were spiking fevers and no one could
figure out why. The illness lasted about
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four weeks, and during that time
two of the three women miscarried. When
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the placenta was examined, large necrotic
inflammatory areas were found. The most well
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documented case of human Capito bacter took
place in Illinois of nineteen thirty eight,
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when three hundred and fifty five inmates
at two institutions became ill with campy.
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Pasteurization had been a thing since the
eighteen seventies, and by nineteen seventeen laws
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were in place to ensure that milk
would be pasteurized before it became available to
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the public. But well in nineteen
thirty eight, people who were institutionalized didn't
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get the same treatment that everyone else
got, and this outbreak was milk related.
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Fecal cultures from seventy three patients at
the institution showed negative results, but
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the microscopy was a positive. In
thirty one cases, organisms resembling Vjjuni were
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grown in blood cultures of thirteen of
these patients. In nineteen fifty seven,
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King described Vibrio as having several characteristics
in common with the bacterium that Vincent had
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studied years before. The bacterium looked
like a Vibrio species, but these had
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different biochemical and antigetic properties, so
King called them Vibrio related. Even in
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nineteen seventy two, this bacteria was
hard to isolate and grow. There was
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no augur that could ensure the growth
of this particular species of Vibrio. Sebald
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and Vron finally found that if the
bacterium were to be isolated, it had
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to be taken from blood, not
feces. This gave rise to the idea
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that this was not a Fibrio or
a Vibrio like species at all. They
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renamed the bacteria campeleobacter since they didn't
think that it was that closely related to
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vibriospecies. King believed that this infection
was more common than reports led to anyone
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to believe, and she was dedicated
to finding a way to isolate it from
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feces. While she wouldn't see that
done in her lifetime, she would be
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a driving force behind more recent search. Then, on July nineteen sixty eight,
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a twenty year old female was admitted
to Saint Peter University Hospital in Brussels.
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She presented with severe diarrhea and a
high fever. There seemed to be
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no underlying pathology that would cause this
disease. The cause was found to be
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vibriorelated or camping a bacter ju juni
as it was becoming known, and after
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isolating the bacterium for blood, the
feces were sent through a special filtration technique.
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This technique consisted of differential filtration of
fecal suspensions through several point six five
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micrometer filters. This would allow the
bacterium to pass through, but would hold
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back everything else. This filtrait was
then plated on selective medium. No other
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enteric pathogens were isolated from this patient. This culture demonstrated intestinal infection as the
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cause of bacteremia. This first case
encouraged Butler and Decazir to take up the
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torch with research into campy. They
began by researching for the bacterium in the
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stools of healthy patients, then in
stools with patients with diarrhea. They also
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began looking for certain serum antibodies and
they were looking for a cure. They
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began by exploring siege of juni and
se coli resistance to several antibiotics, and
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they found that erethermiasin won out.
Erethermiasin had no effect on common intestinal pathogens,
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but it would certainly wipe out campy. Researchers began tracing campy infections around
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the world and they found it was
a global scourge. In nineteen seventy nine,
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the first full account of campy infections
in Man was published, and during
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the nineteen eighties sterotyping techniques became more
refined. Fluoroquinolones such as ciproflaxin were used
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for years and they were very successful
against campy infections, but then chicken farmers
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around the world began using ciproflaxen as
a prophylactic against the disease. In the
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nineteen eighties, as chickens began being
fed the antibiotic on the daily, resistance
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to the drug arose, and now
there are several strains that are resistant to
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fluoroquinolones. There's been no resistance so
far to urethramyacins, so there is still
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something to fall back on. But
resistance does happen when antibiotics are used as
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prophylactics rather than cures. Drug resistance
is caused by several factors, and we
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will talk about all of them in
an upcoming episode. It's a huge problem
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since many gold standard drugs are becoming
obsolete due to drug resistance, and cocktails
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are becoming more and more necessary.
Okay, so that's campy. It's a
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nasty one, for sure. We
have one more disease to talk about in
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this series, but before we do
that, I'm going to do a one
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hundred seconds to Midnight episode on misinformation
campaigns. After that, I'll tell you
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00:25:29.960 --> 00:25:34.440
all about botulism. Then I'll talk
about the difference between food poisoning and food
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intoxication. Then we will dive in
to season six, Who's Who Outside of
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the Zoo. I am super excited
for that season. I love talking about
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00:25:49.000 --> 00:25:55.960
wildlife. I want to thank everyone
for listening to Cause of Death one hundred
259
00:25:55.960 --> 00:26:00.160
seconds to Midnight. I especially want
to thank those who contacted me after the
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00:26:00.240 --> 00:26:03.920
last show to tell me how much
they liked it. I've heard from so
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00:26:04.119 --> 00:26:10.839
many of you, and I was
absolutely overwhelmed. So many shared stories about
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growing up close to a nuclear facility. I loved hearing your stories. That
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said, I'm extending an invitation for
those of you who have stories to tell
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00:26:21.200 --> 00:26:25.400
them on an upcoming episode. If
you want to be a guest, that
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00:26:25.440 --> 00:26:30.240
would be amazing. I can arrange
that. If you'd rather write your story
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00:26:30.279 --> 00:26:33.319
in an email and have me read
it, I can do that too.
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00:26:33.839 --> 00:26:38.279
But I'd love to share these stories. If you'd like to participate in that
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00:26:38.319 --> 00:26:42.920
episode, please drop me a line
at Jackie at cause of Death one hundred
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00:26:42.920 --> 00:26:48.480
sex dot net. You can also
leave a voicemail or a message on the
270
00:26:48.519 --> 00:26:56.000
website at www. Cause of Death
one hundred sex dot net. I wanted
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00:26:56.079 --> 00:27:00.480
to also ask all of you who
actually read through the links in the show
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00:27:00.519 --> 00:27:04.799
notes to keep an eye out for
broken links. If you click on something
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00:27:04.839 --> 00:27:07.640
that doesn't take you to a website, would you please let me know.
274
00:27:10.039 --> 00:27:12.759
I really want to make sure that
you're getting all the papers and all the
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00:27:12.839 --> 00:27:18.400
information that I had when I wrote
the script. I have a Patreon page
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00:27:18.440 --> 00:27:22.119
where you can listen to episodes that
follow outside of the scope of the normal
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00:27:22.160 --> 00:27:26.720
feed. I'm going to be dropping
one soon on the distillation of liquor during
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00:27:26.759 --> 00:27:33.119
prohibition and doing a comparison with drugs
that showed up recently in truck stops,
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00:27:33.160 --> 00:27:37.200
things like bath salts and spice.
I would love to have more Patreon members.
280
00:27:37.400 --> 00:27:41.839
It's a great place to engage and
membership, either in Patreon or on
281
00:27:41.880 --> 00:27:51.640
Apple subscriptions, really does help the
show. Check the show notes for a
282
00:27:51.680 --> 00:27:55.319
link to my Patreon page, where
there are several levels that will give you
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00:27:55.400 --> 00:28:00.000
access to bonus content, merch scripts, outtakes, and a bunch of other
284
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stuff by becoming a member. I'll
see you in two weeks, and until
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00:28:07.480 --> 00:28:10.480
then, don't eat anything I wouldn't
eat.
