S5 E5: Normal Flora? The Story of E. coli

WEBVTT

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It's a true crime podcast with two
friends, I'm Ford and I'm Vegas,

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00:00:06.799 --> 00:00:10.800
who hate each other. The only
if I filled down the stairs, the

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only reason I would die is because
I had a heart attack. That's the

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only reason one could help. Yeah
you wish Truly a true crime podcast for

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the ages. She has an Oklahoma
grandmother and she's based like a murder charge

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after her a three year old granddaughter
was found dead in a trash can.

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Like a Prime Night Baby, a
true crime podcast that tells it like it

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is. That's obvious. It's obvious. It could still be allegedly, but

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it's obvious that he did it.
Well, no, it's allegedly. It's

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allegedly obvious. Ford in Vegas a
true crime podcast for the ages with two

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friends who hate each other. It
happens weekly on YouTube and wherever you get

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your podcasts. Don't forget to hit
the subscribe bunches. I don't often make

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a big deal out of the podcast
that I promote in the beginning of the

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show, but I'm addicted to this
one. It's called Smoke Filled Rooms.

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Gregory does an excellent job with his
show. I'm absolutely hooked. If you

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like historical politics, mixed with a
dash of corruption and true crime. This

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is your gig, give a listen
to Smoke Filled Rooms. Hello everyone,

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my name is Gregory Zinc and I'd
like to welcome you to my political true

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crime podcast called Smoke Filled Rooms.
With my background and political science, I

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present deep dive storytelling shows that focus
on history's most infamous governments, leaders,

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parties, policies, and discontents.
For at the core of society's dysfunctions are

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the criminal powers that lured over us
and the attempts by competing interests to strike

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back at the system. So grab
a couple of cigars and meet me behind

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the Capitol Building for biweekly episodes featuring
the political realm's most diabolical. The Smoke

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Filled Rooms podcast is a member of
the Darkcast Network and is available wherever you

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get your podcasts. And make sure
to visit Smoke Filled Rooms dot net to

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sign up for my mailing list.
Listener discretion is advised for topics including violence,

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course, language, substance use,
sex, and disturbing situations. We'll

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see you see me Darkcast Network.
Come on over to the dark Side.

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We're really nice people. Once you
get past the true crime and scary science.

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Hello, welcome to Cause of Death
one hundred seconds to midnight. I'm

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your host, Jackie Morant. I'm
hoping you all made it through the holidays

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safe and sound and without food poisoning. I might be too late to save

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you from that food poisoning this holiday
season, but at least I can tell

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you that you probably won't die,
at least not if you have the common

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run of the mill Ecoi affection.
I'm going to talk about one seven and

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some other more pathogenic Ecoli strains in
a future episode. O one five seven

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deserves some special attention, and here's
my shameless plug for all of you to

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rate reviews, subscribe, and share
these episodes. Seriously share. I'm really

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not as geeky as the beginning of
the show makes me out to be.

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There are some really interesting episodes on
Patreon and Apple subscriptions, so if you

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want to hear what's on my mind, that's the place to be. My

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last one was on how failure supports
success in research. I think it's pretty

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good. Join up and give a
listen. The links to join up are

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in the show notes. I'm still
deciding on this month's bonus, but I

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did put some extra bonus content up. There is another conversation over beers with

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Eric Carter lundein of True Consequences podcast. This one is a little less intense

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than usual. I asked you all
to vote on next season and Wildlife Diseases

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won that pole. So season six
will be all about wildlife conservation and the

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diseases that affect animals in the wild. There will also be a couple of

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one hundred seconds to midnight episodes sprinkled
in there, having to do with wildlife

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conservation and ecosystems. A close second
in that race was a season of one

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hundred seconds to midnight episodes, four
of those back to back. That is

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going to be season seven, so
get rid for that. I also wanted

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00:05:02.680 --> 00:05:08.959
to tell you that I was interviewed
for Voyage Ohio magazine. That was a

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lot of fun. If you want
to take a look at that, the

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link is in the show notes.
And on to the last bit of business.

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The Bulletin of Atomic Scientists will reset
the doomsday clock on January twenty fourth

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this year. The announcement will be
made in Ukrainian and Russian as well as

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English. It sounds like I might
have to change the name of the show

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to thirty seconds to midnight. The
topic of my show in two weeks will

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be the follow up on the announcement, the concerns for this year, and

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the time left until doomsday. It'll
be an interesting chat. I'm sure I

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might try to watch the live stream
at work, but don't tell anyone.

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I'll give the rest of my shameless
plugs at the end of the episode.

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Let's begin with ediology and pathology.
Escheratia coli is the most intensively studied and

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best understood organism on the planet.
It's easy to handle, it's a hearty

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little germ, and it's versatile.
It's used as a model in many antibiotic

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studies. Recent studies have found that
wild Ecoli has a distinct presence in the

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environment. It's also a normal flora
in the gut. Ecoli is kind of

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your run of the mill Bacillus.
It's a gram negative facultative anaerobe in the

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family enterobactery Sia, and is closely
related to some other bacteria that will talk

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about later, such as Salmonella,
Clubsiella, ceratia. And of course we've

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already talked about your Cinea pestas it
grows happily at a temperature of around thirty

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eight celsius, but it doesn't handle
temperature fluctuations or changes in pH very well.

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It won't degrade pollutants or phoe to
synthesize. It will, however,

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degrade lactose. While it is found
mostly in gut microbiomes of mammals, it

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can also be seen in the gut
microbiomes of birds, reptiles, and fish,

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as well as being found in soil, water, plants, and food.

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It lives in the lower intestine of
most mammals. Ecoli commonly makes up

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about point one to five percent of
the total microbiome of the normal flora of

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the gut, with its niche being
the mucous membranes that line the gut.

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Basically, the normal flora of the
gut helps digest food. Without it,

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bad things happen. The host organism
regulates normal ecoli through immunoglobulin a IgA helps

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facilitate the formation of ecoli biofilms on
the intestinal mucosa. Ecoli seems to have

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a mutualistic relationship with its host.
It produces vitamin K and B twelve,

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and both of these are required for
mammals. To remain healthy. Ecoli also

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keeps the gut a safe place for
anaerobes that live there by consuming oxygen.

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Most importantly, ecoli keeps invaders out. It will fight off other bacteria that

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threatens to invade its domain in the
mucosa. This relationship begins at birth.

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As a baby is born, it
is inoculated with ecoli from the mother's fecal

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matter and from handling immediately after the
child is born. Ecoli becomes more abundant

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in the mother's microbiome during pregnancy,
thus increasing the chances of her newborn being

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exposed. The colonizing strains have secretion
systems and pillai that allow them to attach

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to and interact with the infant's gut
epithelium. Children who are born by caesarean

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section don't get this advantage, and
it's found that they have a higher rate

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of colonization by Staphylococcus Arius. Staph
areas has been linked to an increased risk

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of developing a variety of disorders,
including asthma, obesity, and diabetes.

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So long story short, keep your
good gut flora intact. Ecoli is constantly

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being shed by mammals through their feces, and it has adapted to the harsher

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life outside of the perfect environment of
the gut, at least long enough to

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make it back to a host.
Some Ecoli strains can survive fairly well outside

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of the host and will establish themselves
as part of the soil, water,

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and plant communities. There are strains
of Ecoli that have adapted perfectly well to

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the outside world. Now, don't
go out and start eating dirt. Normal

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flora is one thing, but when
that normal laura explodes into an overwhelming population,

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that is a completely different matter.
E Colia is the cause of diarrheal

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diseases, peritonitis, colitis, bacteremia, infant mortality, and urinary tract infections

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that kill about two million people every
year. So how does that happen?

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Well? If E. Coli is
introduced to an organism outside of the lower

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intestine, it no longer has that
mutual relationship with the host. Rather,

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it makes itself at home and reaks
havoc. There are also pathogenic strains of

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Ecoli. These strains include teroaggregative,
entrohemorrhagic, entropathogenic, entrotoxogenic, europathogenic,

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meningitis associated, and septocemic associated strains. I'm going to give a quick run

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down of the different stereotypes of ecoli
so that you can get an idea about

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who's who at the zoo here.
This is a very short introduction. I

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could actually do a whole season on
ecoli alone. Entropathogenic ecoli is also known

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as EPEC EPEC. This was the
first pathotype of ecoli to be identified.

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Back in nineteen forty five. Researchers
in the UK took samples from children who

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were healthy and children who were presenting
with severe diarrhea. The team found that

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different strains of ecoli were present in
these children. EPEC attaches to the intestinal

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epithelial cells, causing some pretty intense
cite of skeletal changes. The microvili of

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the intestine are effaced, and the
pedestals that the bacteria usually camp out on

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will rise up from the epithelial cells. A particular gene causes us to happen.

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That gene is called the locus of
enterosite effacement or LEAK. This particular

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locus is found in other pathogens as
well. We'll get to that later.

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Trust me, We'll be talking about
entrohemorrhagic ecoli or eh ec. EHEC was

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the first recognized as a cause of
human disease in nineteen eighty two. EHEK

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causes bloody diarrhea, non bloody diarrhea, and himiletic uremic syndrome. EHECK hangs

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out in the intestines of cattle.
O one five to seven belongs to the

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EHEC family of pathogenic ecoli. I'll
get into this a lot deeper in the

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one hit wonders, but the key
virulence factor for EHEC is STX or piero

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cytotoxin STX. STX is produced in
the colon, then travels through the bloodstream

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to the kidney, where it causes
renal failure. Sgalatoxin also exists in several

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other diseases that are well mostly fatal. Entertoxogenic e Coli or etec. Etach

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causes watery diarrhea and stomach cramps that
range from a mild self limiting thing to

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a purging and fun fluids to replace
all the fluids you lost kind of thing.

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This is the cause of most childhood
diarrhea around the world, and is

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certainly the main cause of traveler's disease
worldwide. This is also the one that

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you normally get when you think you
have the quote twenty four hour flu Etach

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invades the small balmucosa and proliferates entratoxins, giving rise to the intestinal secretion fibriller

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Colonization factors mediate the colonization of the
bacteria in the small vowel. These colonization

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factors are antigenetically diverse. As many
as twenty different variations exist. Etech produces

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enterotoxins, which belong to one of
two groups, heat liable enterotoxins or heat

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stable entrotoxins, and each etex strain
can have either heat liable, heat stable,

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or sometimes both. Entera aggregative E. Coli or EAEC is the pathogen

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that can cause mild long term damage
to the intestinal wall, causing often persistent

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diarrhea. EAEC colonizes the intestinal mucoses
and secretes enterotoxins and cytotox and then the

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bacteria will adhere to one another and
form a stacked brick configuration. The bacteria

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will attach to have two cells and
intestinal mucosies by fimbrial structures known as aggregative

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adherence fimbree or AAFS and tero Invasive
ecoli or EIEC, are very closely related

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to Shigella species. At the species
level, they're indistinguishable, but when you

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look a little deeper, they're different
enough that the nomenclature remains. EIEC may

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cause an invasive inflammatory colitis with blood
and mucus in the stools. It occasionally

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causes dysentery, but in most cases
you pretty much get watery diarrhea that's pretty

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much the same as other ecoli pathogens. EIEC will invade the epithelial cells of

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the gut, then light the indesitic
vacuole, multiply intercellularly move through the cytoplasm,

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then the adjacent epithelial cells. It
also induces apoptoses in infected macroflages,

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so they die while fighting the infection. This has been implicated as the cause

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of diarrheal infections in children under twelve
months of age. Diffusely adherent e coli

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or DAEC are defined by the presence
of a diffused pattern of adherence to P

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two cells. About seventy five percent
of DAEC strains produce a fibril adhesin called

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F one eight four five. These
use daf as a protein which normally protects

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cells from damage through the complement system. DAEC strains induce a cytopathic effect that

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is characterized by the development of long
cellular extensions that wrap around the adherent bacteria.

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Then they all just hang on for
the ride. It has been thought

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that DAEC could cause inflammatory bowel disease
as a long term morbidity. Europathogenic E

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Coli or up ec upec invades the
urinary tract and causes urinary tract infections.

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Upets are from a small number of
oceerro groups and have phenotypes that are associated

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with cestitis and acute Payello nephritis in
the normal urinary tract. This includes expression

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of P fimbria, hemolysin, aerobactin, serum resistance, and encapsulation. Likely,

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this infection will begin in the belle
and then move to the urinary tract

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through poor hygiene. Remember when they
used to tell you to wipe from front

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to back, ladies. Ecoli causes
about seventy five percent of UTIs meningitis.

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Sepsis associated ecoli or MNEC is the
most common cause of Gram negative neonatal meningitis.

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The mortality rate in this type of
infection ranges from fifteen to forty percent,

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and the morbidity rate is almost one
hundred percent in the survivors of the

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disease. MNAC causes severe and irreparable
neurological defects in those who manage to survive

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the illness to begin on it.
Eighty percent of these pathogens are K one

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capsule type, with a minority of
O type sprinkled in for good measure.

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This strain of ecoli doesn't spread through
the oral fecal transmission. It's blood borne.

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High levels of bacteremia correlate with the
development of meningitis. The bacteria can

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cross the blood brain barrier and take
up residency in the central nervous system.

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They do this without damaging the blood
brain barrier at all. Electron microgaffs have

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shown that the bacteria can translocate from
the blood through the central nervous system by

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employing a zippering mechanism that doesn't affect
the trans endothelial electrical resistance in the least

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the host cell membrane is not disrupted
during entry. Okay, I'm going to

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00:19:32.640 --> 00:19:36.440
get all down and dirty with one
five seven during the one hit wonders,

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00:19:36.519 --> 00:19:41.920
so I'll talk more craft during that
season. You'll be horrified. You'll never

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00:19:41.000 --> 00:19:49.039
eat an undercooked camberger. Again.
This gave a really short introduction to the

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genomes of some of the Ecoli strains. Yeah, there are more. It's

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a really fast mutator. So there
are strains of Ecoli for days and months

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00:20:00.559 --> 00:20:07.039
and years of podcast episodes. Some
of them are nonpathogenic and others are well

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highly pathogenic. And while I'll get
pretty far into the genome of one seven

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H seven when we get there,
for now, I feel like I should

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explain how one little bacterium can cause
seven types of disease and still be normal.

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Flora. E. Coli survives by
genetic diversity. For instance, the

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K twelve strain that's commonly used in
labs as an escape pathogen one five seven

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H seven and the europathic strains CFT
seven three share about thirty nine percent of

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their genes. E. Coli has
a gene structure that contains roughly sixteen thousand

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genes, and many strains share less
than twenty percent of them. Horizontal gene

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structure plays a huge role in the
gene structure of the bacterium. Flexibility of

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the gene structure can be found in
prophasias, transposable elements, and accessory genes.

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These genes encode for traits like improving
the bacterium's health in certain environments,

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increasing or decreasing the bacterium's metabolism,
and of course, pathogenicity. All this

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means is that a coaline mutates extremely
quickly, and novel pathogens could arise from

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the mix of H gene structure that
the bacterium has chosen as a survival technique.

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Symptoms of E. Coli infection include
bloody or watery diarrhea, abdominal cramps,

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possibly a low grade fever, and
possible vomiting. Let's not forget the

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common flu like symptoms of headache and
general ways. If you find yourself with

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any Coli am action, do not
allow yourself to become dehydrated. If pediolite

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isn't getting it, get to a
hospital. Patients die from dehydration. Ecoli

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is really really easy to avoid.
It's super easy. Don't cut vegetables on

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the same cutting board you use for
meat, especially if those veggies are going

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to be served raw. Cross contamination
is a thing. People wash fruits and

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vegetables before you cut them or eat
them. I don't care if the package

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says they've been washed. Wash them
again. Cook your meat all the way

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through. In roasts, an internal
temperature of one hundred and forty five degrees

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fahrenheit is acceptable, but let the
meat rest for at least three minutes after

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you remove it from the grille or
the stove. Ground beef, chicken,

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and pork should be considered instantly measured
at a minimum internal temperature of one hundred

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and sixty degrees fahrenheit. Avoid raw
milk, unpasteurized dairy products, and unpasteurized

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juices. Don't drink out of streams, lakes, rivers, or swimming pools.

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Most importantly, wash your hands.
I still can't believe that I have

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to tell people to do this.
Wash them often with soap and warm water.

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Scrubby, scrubby, my friends.
Now it's time for me to give

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you which you came for. The
story. The late eighteen hundreds were a

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time of microbiological development. In eighteen
sixty one, Pasteur disproved the spontaneous generation

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of life theory. In nineteen seventeen, Deharrell coined the term bacterio flages.

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These are viruses that invade bacteria many
different bacterial species were found and identified as

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pathogens that could infect animals and humans. Alike Louis Pastor, Robert Cooke,

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Joseph Lister, Albert Nisser, Friedrich
Laufer, Karl Joseph Eberth, David Bruce,

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Alexander Yeerson, Shibasaburo Katsoto, and
Paula Yerlich were all living in the

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Golden Age of microbiology. These men
put all their efforts into finding pathogens and

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subsequently curing the diseases they caused.
However, there were other microbiologists and immunologists

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that were studying mutualistic interactions between microbes
and their hosts. Theodore Essich and el

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Metschnikoff were delving into the nonpathogenic microbes
that were naturally in the body. These

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recalled normal flora Eschurch and Metschnikov wanted
to know if there were certain organisms that

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could be more beneficial to a host, and they wanted to do a deep

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dive into the coexistence of the bacteria
and the gut and figure out how it

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was regulated. They particularly wanted to
study the interactions between the bacteria with other

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bacteria and the bacteria with the host. Alfred Niesel had been working since nineteen

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twelve as a first medical assistant in
hygiene and bacterology at the Hygiene Institute of

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the Albert Ludwig University of Freiburg,
Germany. From nineteen fifteen until nineteen thirty

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eight, Niesel was head of the
Budden Medicinal Investigation's Office for infectious Diseases in

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southwest Germany. By nineteen thirty eight, Niesel had left the Hygiene Institute and

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opened his own private laboratory in Freeburg, where he did research until his death

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in nineteen sixty five. During the
early nineteen hundreds, when medical students were

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studying microbiology, one of their assignments
would be to take human feces and plaited

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it to see what grew. Most
of these samples would have pathogenic salmonella at

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it. Niesel found that salmonella would
grow out of the lawn of other bacteria,

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but in some cases salmonella would either
grow poorly or sometimes not at all.

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In those cases, ecoli would be
the most prevalent. Niesel began to

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postulate that ecoli could prohibit the growth
of other pathogenic organisms. In this case,

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he was thinking salmonella. He began
working on research and He was successful

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in proving that certain strengths of ecoli
take him from healthy people could prohim the

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growth of salmonella and other intropathogens.
Niesel called this phenomenon antagonistic activity. He

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proceeded to create an antagonistic index based
on quantitative essays that he called the antagonistic

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test. From this, he gleaned
which strains of Ecoli were antagonistically strong and

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which were antagonistically weak. Niesel nineteen
seventeen was a strain of Ecoli that Niesel

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had isolated from a German soldier during
World War One. This man was in

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a field hospital near Freeburg, but
had been in the Balkans before this.

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He had been on deployment in the
Dobrdia region for some time. This region

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had seen major outbreaks of shigela,
but this man had never experienced illness.

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Niesel took steel samples from this man
and isolated the normal Ecoli from them.

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The COOLi from this soldier showed strong
antagonistic activity against many different pathogens. Remember

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this was in the years ba before
antibiotics, so Niesel didn't move forward with

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his research to find which biochemical substances
were responsible for the effect. He was

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more interested in seeing if E.
Coli could actually treat gastrontestinal disease caused by

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other pathogenic bacteria. He presented his
research on June twentieth, nineteen sixteen,

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in front of the Freeburg Medical Association. His lecture was called on the Fundamentals

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for a Novel Causal Control of pathological
gut Flora. The lecture was also published

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in the Deutsche Medician Witchcraft. This
work was the spring word for others whom

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wanted to study the ways that normal
flora can be used as a prophylaxis and

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therapy. With the advent of antibiotic
therapy, research in treatment options using antagonistic

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bacteria declined. However, over the
last twenty years, antibiotic resistance has been

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steadily increasing, so interest in an
alternative biochemistry has grown. It's important to

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note that the gold standard antibiotics that
we use today also have their basis in

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nature. Penicilling comes from mold,
doxcilling comes from a plant. You get

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the picture. Most drugs are like
this nasal nineteen seventeen is still in use

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today. It's called mutifloora. Today
we call it a probiotic. Probiotics are

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used to stimulate the growth of normal
flora. If you've ever had to take

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a heavy dose of antibiotics to knock
out of bacterial infection, you've probably been

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encouraged to take a probiotic. Beautiflora
may have even been prescribed for you by

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your doctor. Okay, so that's
the short version of eco life. The

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next episode will be a one hundred
seconds to midnight episode on the movement of

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00:30:33.799 --> 00:30:38.000
the doomsday clock. This year's message
could be the most important one in the

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00:30:38.119 --> 00:30:45.960
recent history of the doomsday clock.
Don't forget to rate and review the show

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00:30:45.039 --> 00:30:53.039
wherever you get your podcasts. Importantly
share with everyone. Then thank you for

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00:30:53.160 --> 00:30:57.799
listening, and I'll see you in
two weeks when we'll explore the doomsday clock

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00:30:59.160 --> 00:32:52.640
and the message have for this year.